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Basic Water Chemistry

This document provides a summary of basic water chemistry concepts. It defines key terms like conductivity, hardness, alkalinity, and acidity. It explains how to calculate and interpret values like Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) and Ryznar Stability Index (RSI) to determine if water will scale or corrode. Measurement units and relationships between parameters like pH, alkalinity, and carbonate species are also summarized. Common water treatment processes for hardness removal like lime soda and ion exchange are briefly mentioned.

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Sadat Rahman
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144 views21 pages

Basic Water Chemistry

This document provides a summary of basic water chemistry concepts. It defines key terms like conductivity, hardness, alkalinity, and acidity. It explains how to calculate and interpret values like Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) and Ryznar Stability Index (RSI) to determine if water will scale or corrode. Measurement units and relationships between parameters like pH, alkalinity, and carbonate species are also summarized. Common water treatment processes for hardness removal like lime soda and ion exchange are briefly mentioned.

Uploaded by

Sadat Rahman
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BASIC WATER CHEMISTRY

Presentation By
Engr. Muhammed Alinur
Cell. 01711808174,Tel. 9354129
Email : [email protected]

Knowledge sharing session


With BARAKA PATANGA POWER LTD
On 02 April’19
Water, the Universal Solvent
The polar charges on the water molecule make it an
exceptional solvent: Oxygen has a higher electron
Affinity. This result in polar charges on the water
molecule.<105 deg d+
H+ H+

O-2

d-
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

SS

CO2, O2

colour (organics) Ca. Mg, SiO2, Cl, SO4

Micro-organisms
Expression of Results

• 1 % : 10,000 ppm
• ppm: a weight relationship(one part/106 parts)
• ppb = ppm x 1000
• ppm as CaCO3: an equivalent weight relationship
• mg/l = ppm in dilute waters=gm/ton
• epm = equivalents per million = mequiv/l
= ppm/equivalent weight
Equivalent in Terms of CaCO3

CaCO3 selected as the “unit of exchange” because it


has a MW= 100 and an equivalent weight = 50.

This allows direct subtraction and addition, e.g.,

Total Hardness(TH) = 20 ppm as CaCO3


Calcium Hardness(CaH) = 8 ppm as CaCO3

Hence MgH = 20 - 8 = 12 ppm as CaCO3


Definition and Units of Conductivity

Conductivity or specific conductance

1
= ----------------- mhos/m
Resistivity in ohm . m

where mho = (ohm)-1

The SI unit for mho = Siemens(S)


Commonly Used Units of Conductivity and
Their Relationships
- mmhos/cm
- mmhos(= mmhos/cm)
- mS/cm(= mmhos/cm)
- mS/m(= 100 x mS/cm)
- mS/m(SI standard) = 0.001 x mS/m = 0.1 x mS/cm
- TDS(ppm) ~ (0.55 to 0.75)(conductivity in
mmhos/cm), at 20oC
Definition of Acidity

Free Mineral Acidity(FMA): exists at pH < 4.3 (due


to strong acids like H2SO4, HNO3, HCl).

Total Acidity: exists up to a pH = 8.3


Definition of Alkalinity

Alkalinity is the capacity to neutralize acid and is


equal to the total amount of HCO3-, CO32-, and OH-

Alkalinity exists above a pH = 4.3, and total


alkalinity = the alkalinity that exists down to the
methyl orange or screened indicator change point,
i.e., = HCO3- + CO32- + OH- (see next slide). For this
reason, the total alkalinity is also called the “M”(for
methyl orange) alkalinity.
P Alkalinity

OH- + H+ -----> H2O

CO32- + H+-----> HCO3-

Hence, P = all OH- + 1/2 CO32-


M Alkalinity or Total Alkalinity

As for P alkalinity plus……..


HCO3- + H+ ------> H2O + CO2

i.e. M = OH- + HCO3- + CO32-

and 2P - M = 2(OH- + 1/2CO32-) - (OH- + HCO3- +


CO32-) = OH- - HCO3-
which becomes……….OH- (2P - M > 0)
and……………………HCO3- (2P - M < 0)
Effect of pH on Alkalinity and Acidity

<--------------------- CO2-------------------->

<-------- OH---------->

<--------FMA----------->

<-------- HCO3------------>
<-----------CO3 ------------>
PHENOLPHTH.
END POINT
MO ENDPOINT

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
pH
pH and Alkalinity relationship

• Form pH Range Approx. Comments


• FMA*/CO2 0-4.3,As FMA decreases, pH increases to a maximum of
• CO2 exists only as a free gas in the water, not as an
ionic species.
• CO2/HCO3- 4.3-8.2,As CO2 decreases, pH increases to a maximum of 8.2.
• HCO3- increases to a maximum at pH 8.2.
• HCO3-/CO3- 2 8.2-10.2 As HCO3 decreases, pH increases to a maximum of
• 10.2. CO3- 2 increases to a maximum at pH 10.2.
• CO3- 2/OH- >10.2 As OH- increases, pH increases. No additional changes
occur in CO3-2.

• * FMA = Free mineral acidity, where H+ ions exist in a highly dissociated state.
Hardness

 The total hardness in water is defined as the summary


concentration of calcium and magnesium Carbonate,
Bicarbonate, sulfate and Chloride.
 Hardness classified into two types-Alkaline
Hardness(Temporary hardness) and Non alkaline
hardness(Permanent hardness).
 Water will be alkaline in nature if TH>PH
 Water will be acidic in nature if TH<PH
Process for removal of hardness

 Lime soda process


 Zeolite process
 Ion exchange process
 Reverse Osmosis
Scale/Corrosion measurement Index

• Ryznar Stability Index(RSI)


• Langelier Saturation Index(LSI)
• Puckorius calculation of RSI, LSI
Findings RSI Value

RSI and LSI

Both based on difference between water pH and a


calculated pH of saturation of CaCO3 (pHs), and
indicate whether or not the water is capable of
dissolving more CaCO3.

RSI = 2pHs - pH
Scale/corrosion measurement chart

LSI = pH - pHs

Table of Scaling Severity Related to Indices

LSI RSI Condition


3.0 3.0 Extremely severe
1.0 5.0 Severe
0.2 5.8 Slight
0.0 6.0 Stable water
-1.0 8.0 Moderate tendency to dissolve scale
-3.0 10.0 v. strong tendency to dissolve scale
*note: dissolve scale = corrosive; in a real system, LSI > 1.7 for scaling
Equation for findings pHs

Puckorius Method to Calculate pHs

pHs = 9.30 + A + B - (C + D)
where A,B,C, and D are factors to allow for TDS,
temperature, calcium and alkalinity, respectively.

.
LSI & RSI value to indicate
Scale/Corrosion

LSI= pH-pHs ,Where


<0=Corrosive
>0=Scale forming

RSI= 2pHs-pH ,Where


<6=Scale forming
>6=Corrosive

.
Thanks
To keep in attention
this session

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