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Electronic Structure and Periodicity

Here are the electron configurations for the requested elements and ions: 1. Ca: [Ar] 4s2, Ca2+: [Ar] 2. Na: [Ne] 3s1, Na+: [Ne] 3. F: [He] 2s2 2p5, F-: [He] 2s2 2p6 4. O: [He] 2s2 2p4, O2-: [He] 2s2 2p6

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Alekhoy Pakz
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94 views32 pages

Electronic Structure and Periodicity

Here are the electron configurations for the requested elements and ions: 1. Ca: [Ar] 4s2, Ca2+: [Ar] 2. Na: [Ne] 3s1, Na+: [Ne] 3. F: [He] 2s2 2p5, F-: [He] 2s2 2p6 4. O: [He] 2s2 2p4, O2-: [He] 2s2 2p6

Uploaded by

Alekhoy Pakz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELECTRONIC

STRUCTURE AND
PERIODICITY
ALEXIS C. MILLANAR, RN, LPT
TEACHER-GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
CONTENT STANDARD

The arrangement of elements in the periodic table and trends in the properties of the elements in
terms of electronic structure
PERFORMANCE STANDARD

The learners can arrange elements and explain their properties through the knowledge of electron
structure.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson I will be able to:

• Sketch the periodic table showing the groups and periods


• Identify the metals, metalloids, and nonmetals in the periodic table
• Identify the representative elements, the transition metals, the lanthanides and actinides in the
periodic table.
• Give the electron configuration of cations and anions
• Determine the trends in the physical properties of elements in a group
KEYWORDS

• Periodic table • Lanthanides


• Metals • Actinides
• Non metals • Isoelectronic
• Metalloids • Effective nuclear charge
• Alkali metals • Shielding or screening
• Alkali earth metals • Atomic radius
• Halogens • Ionic radius
• Noble gases • Ionization energy
• Representative elements • Electron affinity
• Transition elements
THE PERIODIC TABLE

Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner


(1780-1849)

Law of Triads

“the relationship between three elements


is nearly the same as the middle element”
THE PERIODIC TABLE

John Newlands
(1837-1898)

Law of Octaves

“the eight elements have similar chemical


properties with the first element”
THE PERIODIC TABLE

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev


(1834-1907)

prepared a tabulation of elements based on


equivalent weights (atomic mass) and the
regular recurrence of properties of the
elements
THE PERIODIC TABLE

Henry Moseley
(1887-1915)

each element in Mendeleev’s table was


arranged in such order that their integral
positive charge (atomic number) increased
numerically from left to right and top to
bottom
WHAT IS A PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS?

• A chart in which elements having similar chemical and physical properties are grouped together

• The elements are arranged according to increasing atomic number.

• The rows are called periods

• The vertical columns are called groups or families according to the similarities in their properties

• At present, it contains 118 elements (113 to 118 are not yet fully named)
1 18

2  IUPAC Groups  13 14 15 16 17
1

2
 Periods 

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
3

7
1A 8A

2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A

3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B
THREE MAIN CATEGORIES

• METALS – generally lustrous substances that conduct heat and electricity


- They are ductile and malleable

• METALLOIDS - have properties that are intermediate between metals and non-metals

• NON-METALS – not shiny and have varied colors


- poor conductors of heat and electricity
ALKALI METALS
GROUP 1A or 1 – also known as Alkali Metals

• Have only one electron in their valence shell


(ns1)
• Tends to lose one electron to form +1 cation
• Reacts vigorously with water
• Generally soft, low densities, melting and boiling
points
• Silver-colored, but tarnish with atmospheric
oxygen
ALKALINE EARTH METALS

Group 2A or 2 – also known as Alkaline Earth


Metals

• have two valence electrons (ns2)


• Tend to lose 2 electrons to form +2 cations
• Silver-colored
• Soft, low densities, melting and boiling points
• Reacts with water to form strongly alkaline
hydroxides
BORON GROUP

Group 3A or 13 – also known as boron group

• Lighter elements of this group tends to lose


three electrons to form +3 cations

• Heavier elements, like thalium, favor losing one


electron and form +1 cations because they are
more stable in this form than +3 ions.
CARBON GROUP

Group 4A or 14 – also known as carbon group


• Have four valence electrons (ns2np2)
• The first element in the group, carbon, has a
tendency to form 4- anion
• The heavier ones lose either 2 or 4 electrons
to form +2 or +4 ions
PNICTOGENS

Group 5A or 15 – also known as Nitrogen


group or pnictogens
• Have five valence electrons (ns2np3)
• These three unpaired electron make
them generally paramagnetic
CHALCOGENS

Group 6A or 16 – also known as


Chalcogens
• Have six electrons in their valence shell
(ns2np4)
• Requiring only 2 more electrons to
attain a noble gas configuration
HALOGENS

Group 7A or 17 – also known as halogens


• Have seven electrons in their valence shell
(ns2np5)
• Tendency to form -1 ions.
• Forms acids when bonded with hydrogen
• Can bind with each other
• Reactive and harmful to organisms in
sufficient amounts
NOBLE GASES

Group 8A or 18 – also known as noble


gases
• With completely filled valence shell
(ns2np6)
• Relatively inert
• Rarely form compounds with other
elements
• Can exist as monoatomic gases
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS

REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS

• Group A elements
• Have unfilled or filled s and p orbital in the
highest principal quantum number
TRANSITION METALS

• Group B elements
• Filled up d orbital

Includes Lanthanides and Actinides or f-block


elements
PRACTICE EXERCISE

1. Write the electron configuration (using noble gas notation) of the elements in group 1A

2. Comment on the outermost electron configuration of group 1A elements.

3. How many valence electrons do group 1A elements have?


ELECTORON
CONFIGURATION OF
CATIONS AND ANIONS
CATIONS

Metals tend to give off their valence electrons and become cations to have eight electrons in their
valence shell.

Group 1A metals always lose one electron only while


Group 2A metals always lose two.

Transition metals lose their highest s orbital electrons first before losing their d orbital
METALS WITH THEIR CORRESPONDING CATION
AND ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
METAL ELECTRON CATION ELECTRON
CONFIGURAT CONFIGURAT
ION ION
Na 1s22s22p63s1 Na+ 1s22s22p6 = [Ne]

Mg 1s22s22p63s2 Mg2+ 1s22s22p6 = [Ne]

Zn [Ar]4s23d10 Zn2+ [Ar]3d10

Fe [Ar]4s23d6 Fe3+ [Ar]3d5


ANIONS
• Nonmetals gain electrons and form anions
• These anions usually pair up with metal cations to form ionic compounds

ELEMENT ELECTRON ANION ELECTRON


CONFIGURATI CONFIGURATI
ON ON
N 1s22s22p3 N3- 1s22s22p6 = [Ne]

O 1s22s22p4 O2- 1s22s22p6 = [Ne]

Cl 1s22s22p63s23p5 Cl- 1s22s22p63s23p6


= [Ar]
PRACTICE EXERCISE

1. Give the electron configuration of Ca and Ca2+

2. Give the electron configuration of Na and Na+

3. Give the electron configuration of F and F-

4. Give the electron configuration of O and O2-

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