COMPUTER AIDED

DRAFTING
MIKE JOEFFER R. CALUMNO, REE
-College Lecturer-
 COURSE OBJECTIVE
• At the end of the course, the student should have:

1. Define the terms related to computer-aided drafting systems

2. Identify the important tools used to create technical drawings in
CAD
3. Create electronic drawings (e-drawing) using CAD
4. Apply the usefulness of the knowledge and skills in computer
aided drafting as applied in his/her professional development.
COURSE SYLLABUS
 COURSE SYLLABUS
• Introduction to CAD Software
• CAD History
• CAD Interface & Screen Components
• Snapping and Construction Elements
• CAD Coordinate Systems
• Basic Commands
• Editing/Modifying Commands
• Working with Object Snaps
• Layering
 COURSE SYLLABUS
• Dimensioning
• Plotting, Inputting of Images
• 3D and Navigating in 3D
• Introduction to 3D
• 3D CAD designs and modelling
• Rendering
CLASS POLICIES AND
GRADING SYSTEM
 CLASS POLICY
• Follow the Laboratory Policies and Guidelines.
• For all assessments, academic honesty always applies. Any form of
cheating will be penalized by getting a grade of 5.0.
• Submission of all activity outputs on time shall be observed. Any
submission beyond the given deadline will have a corresponding
grade of 3.0 or below. A standard format for all written reports will be
implemented.
• Although not included in the computation of grades, attendance to
every class is highly encouraged.
 GRADE EVALUATION SYSTEM
• CLASS PARTICIPATION - 30%
• Assignment (5%), Group Project (10%)
• Recitation and Hands-on Exercises (15%)

• QUIZZES & PERFORMANCE TESTS - 30%

• MAJOR EXAM (Midterm and Finals) - 40%

• TOTAL - 100%
INTRODUCTION TO CAD
SOFTWARE
 WHAT IS CAD?
Computer Aided Drafting (CAD)
- it is a process of preparing an electronic drawing of an object
on the screen of a computer.

In the field of mechanical engineering the drawing of the machine

components and layouts are prepared.
In the field of civil engineering plans and layouts of buildings are
prepared.
 CAD EVOLUTION
• In 1957, Dr. Patrick J. Hanratty, credited as “the Father of CADD/CAM”,
while working at GE, he developed PRONTO (Program for Numerical
Tooling Operations), the first commercial CNC programming system.
• In 1962, Ivan Sutherland presented his Ph.D. thesis at MIT titled
“Sketchpad, A Man-Machine Graphical Communication System.”
Among its features, the first graphical user interface, using a light pen
to manipulate objects displayed on a CRT.
• The 1960s brought other developments, including the first digitizer
(from Auto-trol) and DAC-1, the first production interactive graphics
manufacturing system.
 CAD EVOLUTION
• By the end of the decade, a number of companies were founded to
commercialize their fledgling CAD programs, including SDRC, Evans &
Sutherland, Applicon, Computervision, and M&S Computing.
• In 1970s, Ken Versprille, whose invention of NURBS (Non-Uniform
Rational B Splines) for his Ph.D. thesis formed the basis of modern 3D
curve and surface modeling, and the development by Alan Grayer,
Charles Lang, and Ian Braid of the PADL (Part and Assembly
Description Language) solid modeler.
• In 1981, the introduction of the first IBM PC set the stage for large-scale
adoption of CAD.
• In 1983 AutoCAD was released, the first significant CAD program for
the IBM PC.
 BENEFITS OF CAD
• Shorter preparation time for drawing.
• Reduced manpower requirements.
• Customer modifications in drawing are easier.
• More efficient operation in drafting.
• Low wastage in drawing.
• Minimized transcription errors in drawing.
• Improved accuracy of drawing.
• Assistance in preparation of documentation
 BENEFITS OF CAD
• Better designs can be evolved.
• Revisions are possible.
• Colures can be used to customize the product.
• Production of orthographic projections with dimensions and
tolerances.
• Machining and tolerance symbols at the required surfaces.
• Hydraulic and pneumatic circuit diagrams with symbols.
• Isometric views.
 LIMITATIONS OF CAD

• It require large amount of computer memory.

• The size of the software package is large.
• Skill and judgment are required to prepare the
drawing.
• Huge investment.
 CAD ADVANTAGES
Reduced storage space
Corrections can be made easily
 Repetitive parts of the drawing can be saved and imported as part
of a “CAD library”
CAD systems can be linked with CAM machines to produce objects
straight from the drawings
3D CAD designs can be made to look realistic by using the material
library for clients to see
CAD designs can be easily shared between companies or
department using email
CAD can be used to create simulated environments to show the
client
 DISADVANTAGES
Work can be lost if the computer crashes
Work could be corrupted by viruses
Work could be stolen or “hacked”
Time taken to learn how to use the software
Initial costs of buying a computer system are high
Time and cost of training staff
Continual need for updating software or operating systems
CAD/CAM systems mean less people need to be employed
 OTHER CAD SOFTWARES
• Auto-CAD
• Pro-E
• IDEAS
• CATIA
• Fluent
• Hyper mesh
• Abacus
• Transys
AUTOCAD INTERFACE
APPLICATION MENU
Click on the Application Menu, and you will see the
following:
Create a new file
Open an existing file
Save the current file
Save the current file under a new name (Save As) and/or
in a different folder
Export the current file to a different file format
Print the current file
Publish the current file
Send the current file to eTransmit or email
Use all the functions related to your drawing
Close the current file
Exit AutoCAD
QUICK ACCESS TOOLBAR

The Quick Access Toolbar is the small toolbar

located at the top left of the screen:
Using this toolbar, you can:
Create a new file
Open an existing file
Save the current file
Undo and redo
Print the current file
RIBBON RIBBON TAB RIBBON PANEL

One of the most One of the most

prominent feature in the prominent feature in the
AutoCAD window, AutoCAD window, besides the
besides the drawing area. drawing area. This is where
This is where you’ll be you’ll be selecting tools to
selecting tools to draw, draw, edit, or perform other
edit, or perform other functions.
functions.
INFO CENTER

At the top-right part of the screen, you will

see the InfoCenter:
The InfoCenter gives you the
opportunity to type in keywords that will
enable AutoCAD to search both online and
offline resources and provide you with a
list of related help topics.
CROSSHAIR

Crosshairs are simply the mouse cursor and

move around along with the movements of
your mouse. They can be full size and span
the entire screen or a small (flyspeck) size.
You can change the size of the crosshairs if
you wish, and full screen is recommended in
some cases.
 This is where you work and your design
appears. The drawing area takes up most of
DRAWING the screen and is colored a dark gray in the
AREA default version of the environment
 VIEW CUBE TOOL

The View Cube Tool is a handy tool to control

the orientation of 3D views.
This tool is available in most Autodesk
products, and provides a common experience
when you switch between products.
 VIEWPORT Viewport label menus are located at the top-left corner of
LABEL MENUS each viewport, and provide a convenient way of changing
views and visual styles.
You can click within each of the three bracketed areas.
■ Click + to display more options
■ Click Top to choose between several standard and
custom views
■ Click 2D Wireframe to choose one of several visual
styles. Most of the other visual styles are used for 3D
visualization
 User Coordinate System (UCS) Icon
This is a basic X-Y-Z (Z is not visible)
grid symbol. The UCS determines the
default placement of a geometry in
the drawing
UCS Icon
MODEL AND PAPER MODEL Space
SPACE All drawing or 'modelling' is done in here
It is the main ‘modelling’ area in Autocad.
PAPER Space
It is an area used to plot (print) the drawing
created in the model space.
It is actually a blank sheet in which a real object
drawn in model space can be represented as a
printable drawing in a proper scale.
 Right below the drawing area is the
command line. This is where the commands
may be entered and also where AutoCAD
tells you what it needs to continue.

COMMAND LINE/S
 The coordinates display is located in the lower-
left corner of the active viewport and displays
the current location of the crosshair cursor in the
drawing area.
The display of the coordinates in the active
viewport can be toggled in the Units & Guides
tab (Application Préférences dialog box).
COORDINATES Along with the coordinates displayed in the
DISPLAY active viewport, you can also get the current
location of the crosshair cursor in a tooltip near
the cursor when dynamic input is turned on.
 The Status Bar in AutoCAD contains many
functions that will help you draft more
precisely. We will discuss most of the buttons
on the Status Bar throughout this book.

STATUS BAR
 Also, there are two spaces in AutoCAD, Model
Space and Paper Space (Layout).
In Model Space you can create and modify
your drawing.
Once you are ready to make a hardcopy of
your drawing file, switch to the Paper Space
(Layouts) so you can prepare your page setup.

MODEL AND PAPER

SPACE BUTTON
 THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW
ABOUT AUTOCAD
Opening the Program
a. Click Start Button
b. Search for “AutoCAD 2012” then ENTER

Button function of Mouse

• The mouse is the primary input device:
• The left mouse button is always used to select and/or click.
• The right mouse button, when clicked, offers a drop-down menu.
• The mouse wheel has zooming functions:
• Zoom in on your drawing by moving the wheel forward.
• Zoom out of your drawing by moving the wheel backward.
• Pan (i.e., move through the drawing) by pressing the wheel and holding it and
then moving the mouse.
• Zoom to the edges of your drawing by double-clicking the wheel.
 THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW
ABOUT AUTOCAD
• If you type an AutoCAD command or any input in the Command Window,
you have to press the [Enter] key to execute it.
• [Enter] = [Spacebar] in AutoCAD.
• To repeat the last AutoCAD command, press [Enter] or [Spacebar].
• To cancel any AutoCAD command, press [Esc].
 FUNCTION KEYS
ESC- go back to command prompt
F1 - online help F7 - turns grid ON/OFF
F2 - switches between graphics screen F8 - turns ortho ON/OFF
and Text screen F9 - turns snap ON/OFF
F3 - turns Osnap ON/OFF F10 - turns polar tracking
F4 - turns 3DOSNAP ON/OFF ON/OFF
F5 - cycles to top, left & right isoplanes F11 - object snap tracking
F6 - turns dynamic UCS ON/OFF ON/OFF
F12 - turns dynamic input
ON/OFF
CAD DRAWING
 OBJECT SNAP TOOLS
• OBJECT SNAP (OSNAP) TOOLS
• Object snap mode specifies a point at an exact location on an object.
You can use as object once in the middle of a command.

WAYS TO ON/OFF OSNAP

• Press F3 to ON/Off
• Right click at Status Bar for properties
• Type OSNAP at command line
 CAD COORDINATE SYSTEM
• Relative Cartesian Coordinates
• Relative Polar Coordinate
• Direct Polar Coordinate
• Draw the figure in CAD using:
• Relative Cartesian
Coordinates
• Relative Polar Coordinate
• Direct Polar Coordinate
BASIC COMMAND
TOOLS
 LINEAR OBJECTS
• Line (L)
• Creates straight line segments
• Multiline (MLINE)
• Creates multiple parallel lines
• Polyline (PL)
• Draws line and arc segment that form one object.
• Ray
• Creates semi-infinite lines commonly used as construction lines. A ray has a
finite starting point and extends to infinity.
 LINEAR OBJECTS
• CONSTRUCTION LINE (XL)
• Creates infinite lines, which are commonly used as construction lines.

• Hatch (H)
• Fills an enclosed area or selected objects with a hatch pattern, solid fill, or
gradient fill(pline, 3D face, etc.). A hatch pattern acts as one unit, unless
when it’s exploded.
 SPECIAL OBJECTS
• Rectangle (REC)
• Creates a rectangular object.
• POLYGON (POL)
• Draws 2D polygon with 3 to 1024 sides. All sides are equal and equidistant
from the center.
 CURVE OBJECTS
• CIRCLE (C)
• Can create circles in several ways:
• center, radius(default)
• center diameter
• 2points
• 3points
• tan, tan, rad
• tan, tan, tan
• DONUT (DO)
• Creates a closed polyline composed of wide arc segments.
• How AutoCAD fills the interior of a donut depends on the current setting of fill
command.
 CURVE OBJECTS
• ELLIPSE
• Creates an ellipse or an elliptical arc
• If PELLIPSE = 1, ellipse is a pline representation
• If PELLIPSE = 0, ellipse is a true ellipse object
• SPLINE (SPL)
• Creates a quadratic od cubic spline (NURBS) curve.
• REVISION CLOUD (REVCLOUD)
• Creates a polyline of sequential arc to form a cloud-shaped object
• You can select a style for a revision cloud: Normal or Calligraphy
 CURVE OBJECTS
• ARC
• Creates an arc.

Methods for creating arc

• 3point arc
• Continued arc
• Start, center, endpoint
• Start, center, angle
• Start, center, length
• Start, end direction
 HANDS-ON EXERCISE #1
• Draw the golden spiral in AUTOCAD using the
Fibonacci numbers. Use Rectangle and Arc
commands.
• When you are finished with the golden spiral,
save the drawing in your folder using the
following format:
SURNAME.FI.MI_Hands-on_1
 HANDS-ON EXERCISE #1
• Open Microsoft Word.
• Copy the commands you used by highlighting
the command line from bottom to the top.
• Paste the copied commands to the word
sheet.
• Save the document using the following format:
SURNAME.FI.MI_Hands-on_1(Command)
EDITING/MODIFYING
COMMANDS
 EDITING/MODIFYING COMMANDS

• MOVE (M)
• To relocate selected objects.
• COPY (CO)
• Command to duplicate objects within the drawing.
• ROTATE (RO)
• Command to rotate selected objects at a specified base point.
• TRIM
• Command to cut objects from a specified cutting edge(s).
 EDITING/MODIFYING COMMANDS
• MIRROR (MI)
• Creates a reverse image of a selected object.
• FILLET (F)
• Command to round or fillet the edges of two selected objects.
• CHAMFER (CHA)
• Chamfering connects two nonparallel objects by extending or trimming them to
intersect or to join with an optimal beveled corner.
• OFFSET (O)
• Command to copy objects that are similar and parallel to existing entities at a
specified distance or at a point.
 EDITING/MODIFYING COMMANDS
• SCALE (SC)
• To shrink or enlarge selected objects.
• ARRAY (AR)
• Command to duplicate objects/entities using Polar, Rectangular and Path
options.
• STRETCH (S)
• To resize selected portion of objects by using crossing-window(C) or crossing
polygon (CP)
• ALIGN (AL)
• Aligns object with other in 2D and 3D.
 EDITING/MODIFYING COMMANDS
• TEXT (TEXT/DTEXT)
• Using TEXT or DTEXT you can create one or more lines of text and end
each line when you press ENTER. Each text line is a separate object that
you can relocate, reformat or otherwise modify, and you can set your
TEXT or DTEXT into an annotative object.
SPECIAL TEXT CHARACTERS
%%% - Forces a single percent sign (%)
%%p – draws plus/minus symbol
%%d – draws a degree symbol φ
%%c – draws a diameter symbol
%%o – draws an overscore
%%u – draws an underscore
Alt+164 – draws ñ
Alt+165 - draws Ñ
HANDS-ON EXERCISE #2
SURNAME.FI.MI_Hands-on_2
HANDS-ON EXERCISE #3
SURNAME.FI.MI_Hands-on_3
BLOCKING
 BLOCKING
Blocking/Creating Templates
• a process of grouping entities together to become one unit.

• Grouping Entities
• GROUP – command to join objects and become one unit. Grouped
objects cannot be retrieved/inserted.
• BLOCK (B) – command to join objects together and store it in the
current file’s block reference table for later retrieval. Templates created
using BLOCK command cannot retrieve in another drawing file.
• WBLOCK (W) – command to create a drawing file from selected
objects. Drawing files can be retrieve in any current .DWG file.
• SAVE/SAVEAS – command to save current drawing. Saved files can be
retrieve into any current .DWG file.
 BLOCKING

Merging Blocks
• INSERT (I) – to import a template created using BLOCK/WBLOCK/SAVE.
• MINSERT – to import a template and array it rectangularly.

Editing templates from a block reference table (BLOCK)

• EXPLODE (E) – to ungrouped inserted templates.
• PURGE (PU)– to delete unused templates from a block reference table.
• RENAME (REN)– to change name of a template in a block reference table.
HANDS-ON EXERCISE #4
 HANDS-ON #4
• Make all the objects in hands-on #2 accessible
to all DWG files. (WBLOCK)
• Save the objects using their respective names.
HANDS-ON EXERCISE #5
 HANDS-ON #5
• Using Hands-on #3, and all other resources
available, “pagandahin nyo yung plano nyo”.

• Save the drawing in your folder using the

following format:
SURNAME.FI.MI_Hands-on_5
LAYERING
 LAYERS

Layer

• An electronic overlay similar to acetate. Every layer has

an associated color and linetype.
• It is the equivalent of the overlays used in paper-based
drafting.
• It is the primary organizational tool in AutoCAD.
 LAYERS

Advantages of Layers
• Easy selecting
• Selective printing
• Control of regeneration
• Easy editing
 LAYERS

Capabilities of Layers

• OFF – objects in layer turned OFF are invisible onscreen or in

plotting, but continue to REGEN. Use ON to restore visibility.
• FREEZE – same effect as OFF but objects do not regen. Use
THAW to restore layers.
• LOCK – objects in locked layers can not be edited but visible.
Use UNLOCK to restore layers.
 LAYERS

Color Methods

• BYBLOCK – assign color to objects

Use COLOR (or DDCOLOR) or CHPROP commands
• BYLAYER – objects inherit color of destination layer
Use LAYER command to create color.
 LAYERS

Linetype Method

• BYBLOCK – assigns linetype to objects

Use CHPROP command to assign linetype to selected
objects.
• BYLAYER – objects inherit linetype of destination layer.
Use LAYER command to create linetype.
 HANDS-ON #6
• Make a layer for Hands-on #5 and layer each
objects based on their characteristics.

• Save the drawing in your folder using the

following format:
SURNAME.FI.MI_Hands-on_6
DIMENSIONING