Substation Protection Schemes

THOURK MONY
Electrical Power System Protection
Electrical and Energy Engineering Department
National Technical Training Institute
May 2007
 Substation Protection
Substation protection scheme
Electrical Power System Protection

132 kV

132/20 kV

20 kV
 Substation Protection
Substation protection scheme
Electrical Power System Protection

Switchyard design
In transmission applications we have two main types of switchyards:
a) Gas Insulated Switchyards (GIS)
b) Air Insulated Switchyards (AIS)

The GIS is very well protected from external phenomena. On the other hand,
faults within the gas compartment must be tripped very rapidly.

With a long fault time the damages can be very severe with long repair time.
For the fault clearance of busbar faults it is essential that normal and back-up
protection operates instantaneously.
 Substation Protection
Substation protection scheme
Electrical Power System Protection

Switchyard design

For AIS the external influence is more obvious.

There can be faults in a switchyard caused by different phenomena:

- Weather conditions (storm and lightning)
- Personnel-handling errors
- Equipment faults due to insulation degradation

The switchyards are normally well protected against lightning strikes by means
of earthed shield wires over the switchyard and on the incoming lines.
 Substation Protection
Substation protection scheme
Electrical Power System Protection

Substation bus arrangements

Substations are designed for reliability of service and flexibility in operation,

and to allow equipment maintenance with a minimum interruption of service.

The most common bus arrangements in a substation are:

a) Single bus, single breaker

b) Two bus, single breaker
c) Two bus, two breakers
d) Ring bus
e) Breaker-and-a-half
 Substation Protection
Single Bus Single Breaker
Electrical Power System Protection
 Substation Protection

Single Buses Connected With Bus Sectionalizer

Electrical Power System Protection
 Substation Protection

Main and Transfer Busbar

Electrical Power System Protection

Main Bus

Protected
zone

Protected Alternate CT
Zone Positions
 Substation Protection

Double Bus Single Breaker with Bus-coupler

Electrical Power System Protection
 Substation Protection
Double Bus Double Breaker
Electrical Power System Protection

Protected
zone

Protected
zone
Electrical Power System Protection Substation Protection
Ring Bus
 Substation Protection

One and a half breaker

Electrical Power System Protection

Iline 1

B
 Substation Protection

Double Bus One and a Half Breaker

Electrical Power System Protection

Protected
zone

Protected
zone
 Substation Protection
Substation protection scheme
Electrical Power System Protection

CT Locations  CT:s used to be available only on one side of the

circuit breakers.

 This leaves a section between CT and CB that is

not completely protected against faults.

 A fault at F would cause the busbar protection to

operate and open the CB, but the fault may
continue to be fed through the feeder.
 The feeder protection would no operate, since
the fault is outside its zone.

 This problem is dealt with by inter-tripping or

some form of zone extension, to ensure that the
remote end of the feeder is tripped also.
 Substation Protection
Substation protection scheme
Electrical Power System Protection

Abnormal conditions and important parameters

 Substation Protection

Protection in a distribution substation

Electrical Power System Protection

Id > LV-SIDE

HV-SIDE 1)

I > I>

1)

I> I> I> I> I>

3U0 >
I> 1)

I> I>

1) Must be directional for some applications

 Substation Protection

Protection in distribution systems

Electrical Power System Protection

Back-
Main up

Main Back-up

No back-up

Main protection
 Substation Protection

Protection in distribution systems

Electrical Power System Protection
 Substation Protection

33/11 kV Transformer Protection

Electrical Power System Protection
 Substation Protection

11 kV Feeder Protection
Electrical Power System Protection
 Substation Protection

11/0.4 kV auxiliary transformer Protection

Electrical Power System Protection
 Substation Protection

Blockable overcurrent busbar protection

Electrical Power System Protection

I>
B

I> I>

I>

Blocking
 Substation Protection

Blockable overcurrent busbar protection

Electrical Power System Protection

The high-set step of the overcurrent protection on the LV side of the

power transformer can be set with a short definite time delay (in the
order of 150 ms)
This step is blocked by the pick up of any of the overcurrent relays for
the outgoing feeders (reverse blocking).
In this way, it provides fast fault clearance for busbar faults on the LT
side, either as main or backup protection. The second step can be the
normal inverse time function.
If a fault occurs at A, no overcurrent relay for any of the feeders will pick
up. Hence, the transformer overcurrent relay will not be blocked and can
thus provide fast fault clearance.
If a fault occurs at B, the overcurrent relay for the feeder will pick up,
block the transformer overcurrent relay, and then clear the fault.
 Substation Protection

Overcurrent protection on transformers with

vector group D/Y (1)
Electrical Power System Protection

½*I’SC-3 I SC-2
½*I’SC-3 I SC-2
I’SC-3
 Substation Protection

Overcurrent protection on transformers

with vector group D/Y (2)
Electrical Power System Protection

When a two-phase short circuit occurs on one side of a D/Y transformer,

the short circuit current on that side of the transformer will be:
3
I SC  2  * I SC  3
2
where I SC2 is the two-phase short circuit current, and I SC3 is the current
that would result if a three-phase short circuit occurs.
Let’s assume that the two-phase short circuit occurred on the LT side of
the transformer. Then, on the HT side there will be fault currents in all three
phases. In one of the phases, the fault current will be equal to the current
that appears when a three-phase short circuit occurs on the LT side. If we
'
designate this current I SC3 , the current in the two remaining phases on the
1 '
HT side can be expressed as * I SC 3 .
2
 Substation Protection

Substation protection scheme

Example
Electrical Power System Protection
 Substation Protection

Substation protection scheme

Electrical Power System Protection

Example
 Substation Protection
Substation protection scheme

Example
Electrical Power System Protection
 Substation Protection

Substation Control and Monitoring Systems

Electrical Power System Protection

Substation Control and Monitoring System (SCMS):

 Display of the station SLD and individual feeder mimic diagrams with status
indication.

 Periodic measurements of analogue values and display of process values on the

screen display such as 3-ph volts, 3-ph amps, frequency, power factor, active
power, reactive power, transformer windings/oil temperature.

 Acquisition, print-out and display of substation events.

 Setting and parameter downloading to relays and uploading and evaluation of

stored internal data.
 Substation Protection

Substation Control and Monitoring Systems

Electrical Power System Protection

Fault Monitoring System (FMS):

 For acquiring the power system real time data and providing the historical
information of its faults/disturbances with all possible events detected
thereafter.

Power Monitoring System (PMS):

 To perform supervision of the network interconnection and to monitor various

parameters at all transmission substations and power plants.