COMPUTER NETWORK

E.G.S. PILLAY ENGINEERING

COLLEGE
ECE Dep’t
K.VIGNESH,ME
TUTOR
 COMPONENTS
1.Message (data)
2.Sender (device)
3.Receiver(device)
4.Medium(physical path)
5.protocol(set of rules)
1.MESSAGE
*message is data or information to be
communicated
Ex :
*Number
*Pictures
*sound
*other files
 SENDER
* the sender is device that sends data
 RECEIVER
* The receiver receives the information (DATA)
 Protocol
• It is a set of rules
Ex : All software
 MEDIUM
TWO TYPES
1.WIRE
2.WIRELESS
*Wire cables
It is physical dives
 twisted-pair
 co-axial
 fiber-optic
• Wireless
 wifi
 wi-max
 infrared
 Bluetooth
DIRECTION OF DATA FLOW
THREE TYPES
1.Simplex
2.half-duplex
3.full-duplex
 SIMPLEX
• Only receive the data
Ex : FM radio
 HALF-DUPLEX
1.It is double side communication
but deferent time only
 Full-duplex
1.It is double site connection
2.Data sending and receiving at the same time
Ex:
mobile phone
 TYPE OF CONNECTIONS
TWO TYPES
1.point-to-point
2.Multipoint
 point-to-point
* It is direct connection( A –to- B)
1.One system to other system
Ex :1. TV remote control
2. infrared
 MULITPOINT
• It is two or more system connection
using (HUB,SWITCH,ROUTER)
Ex:1.college
2.company
 TOPOLOGIES
• It is a way or connection
TYPES
1.Bus topology
2.Star topology
3.Ring topology
4.Mesh topology
5.Hiarchey topology
 BUS TOPOLOGY
• Using multipoint cable
• Multiple devices are connected
• One long cable acts as backbone to link all the
devices in a network
• Use Cable termination
ADVANTAGES
• Easy to install
• low cost
• Less cable is required
DISADVANTAGES
• Havy network traffic
• Defficult to add new system
• Failer of backbone cable all connection is failed
 STAR TOPOLOGY
• Number of devices connected
• Point-to-point links to HUB
• The devices are not directly one to another
ADVANTAGES
• Easy to configure
• Easy to fault identification and fault isolation
• It is easy to modify
DISADVANTAGES
• If central hub is fails total communication is fails
• Each device requires its own cable
 RING TOPOLOGY
• It is each device is connected by a dedicated
point-to-point connection to adjacevt devices
• Ring type structure
ADVANTAGES
• Easy to install and reconfigure
• Easy to problem solved
DISADVANTAGES
• Maximum ring length and number of devices is
limited
• Frailer of one node on the ring can affect the entire
network
 MECH TOPOLOGY
• every node or system has a dedicated point-to-point
link to all system
 ADVANTAGES
• Security
• Robust
• Any system connection failure not affect another
system connection
DISADVANTAGES
• Difficulty in installation
• Difficulty in reconfigure
• Large amount of cable using
CATEGORIES OF NETWORKS
• Three types
1 .Local area network (LAN)
2. Metropolitan area network (MAN)
3. Wide area network (WAN)
 LOCAL-AREA
NETWORK(LAN)
• LAN is a privately owned network
• It connects office college school IT company
• Share all type data
• Using IP address
• Deferent types of TOPOLOGY using the
LAN connection
 METROPOLITANAREA
NETWORK(MAN)
• MAN can extend over entire city
• MAN can be owned and maintained by a
private company or by a public company
• (SMDS) switched multi-megabit date services
• Telephone companies using MAN
(MAN)
WIDE AREA NETWORK(WAN)
• A network that provides long distance
transmission
• Defrent types of data transmit
(data,voice,image,video)
• It is connected (city,state,country)
• It is a public network
(WAN)
 ISO/OSI MODEL
(ISO)INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION
FOR STANDARDIZATION
• provides peer to peer logical devices with layer
physical implementation
• It communication between two system

(OSI) OPEN SYSTEM

INTERCONNECTION
• It is most widely used to perform networking
SEVEN LAYERS
 SEVEN LAYERS OF
OSI REFERENCE MODEL
 PHYSICAL LAYER
• Physical layer is the lowest layer of the ISO model
• Transmit a bit stream over a communication
• It is Interface and transmission media
FUNCTIONS
• Physical characteristics of interfaces and media
• Representation of bits
• Data rate or transmission rate
• Synchronization of bits
Physical layer
 DATA LINK LAYER
• It is transmitting frames from one node to the next
node
• It is inter connecting to next layer (physical layer)
• Reliable link making
• FUNCTIONS
• Framing
• Physical addressing
• Flow control
• Error control
• Access control
DATA LINK LAYER
 NETWORK LAYTER
• It responsible for the delivery of packets from
the (source-to-destination)
FUNCTIONS
• Logical addressing
• routing
NETWORK LAYTER
 TRANSPORT LAYER
• The transport layer is responsible for delivery of
message from one process to another
• The network does the host to destination delivery
of (INDIVIDUAL PACKETS)
• FUNCTIONS
• Port addressing
• Segmentation and ressembly
• Connection control
• flow control,error control
TRANSPORT LAYER
 SESSION LAYER
• The session layer is network idialog controller
• It is establishes and synchronizes the
interaction between communication system
• FUNCTIONS
• Dialog control
• synchronization
SESSION LAYER
 PRESENTATION LAYER
• The presentation layer deals with syntax and
semantics of the information being exchanged
• FUNCTIONS
• Translation
• Encryption
• compression
 APPLICATION LAYER
• Application layer is resoponsible for accessing
the network by user(Ex:e-mail,remote,file
access,file transfer,sharing database,message
handling,directory services)
• FUNCTIONS
• Mail services
• Directory services
• File transfer
 TRANMISSION MEDIA
• MEDIA is the general term used to describe the data path that forms the
physical channel between SENDER TO RECEIVER
 CO-AXIAL CABLE
Co-axial cable has two conductors that share the common
axis
Co-axial cable is used to transmit both (ANALOGE
AND DIGITAL SIGNALS)

Co-axial cable standards

50 ohm, RG-8 and RG-11 for thick Ethernet
50 ohm, RG-58 used for thin Ethernet
75 ohms, RG-59 used for cable TV
93 ohms, RG-62 used for ARC net
CO-AXIAL CABLE
 ADVANTAGES
• It is higher bandwidth
• Easy to handle
• It is uses for longer distances at higher data rates
• Excellent noise immunity

DISADVANTAGES
• Distance is limited
• Number of node connection is limited
• Proper connectors and termination is must
 APPLICATIONS

In analog and digital data transmission

In telephone networks
In Ether net LANs
FIBER OPTIC COBLE

• A fiber optic is a light pipe which is used to carry a

light bram from one place to another
• It is electromagnetic signal
TYPES OF FIBER

• Glass
• Plastic or combination of glass and plastic
• Glass core with plastic cladding
• Glass core and glass cladding
TWISTED PAIR CARLE
Infrared
Modulate non coherent infrared light
Line of sight (or reflection)
Blocked by walls
e.g. TV remote control, IRD port
Wireless Propagation
Signal travels along three routes
Ground wave
Follows contour of earth
Up to 2MHz
AM radio
Sky wave
Amateur radio, BBC world service, Voice of America
Signal reflected from ionosphere layer of upper atmosphere
(Actually refracted)
Line of sight
Above 30Mhz
May be further than optical line of sight due to refraction
More later…
RADIO WAVE
Ground Wave Propagation (SURFACE)
Sky Wave Propagation (TROPOSPHERE)
LINE OF SIGHT PROPAGATION
Ground Wave Propagation (SURFACE)
Sky Wave Propagation (TROPOSPHERE)
LINE OF SIGHT PROPAGATION
 BRIDGE

• A network bridge is a computer networking

device that creates a single aggregate network
from multiple communication networks or
network segments.
• This function is called network bridging.
Bridging is distinct from routing, which allows
multiple different networks to communicate
independently while remaining separate.
 Advantages of a Network Bridge

• A layer 2 switch, connects two different local

area networks (LAN)

• Abridge is used to segregate data by dividing it into

two streams.
 FIREWALL

• Firewall – Basic concepts.

A firewall is a part of a computer system or
network that is designed to block unauthorized access
while permitting authorized communications.
• It is a device or set of devices which is configured
to permit or deny computer based application upon
a set of rules and other criteria.
CROSSOVER CABLE
STRAIGHT CABLE
EMAIL ID
[email protected]

CONTACT
9003325678