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Steps in Research Process: Dr. Vasudev P. Iyer

The document outlines the key steps in the research process: 1) Define the research problem and formulate questions. 2) Review relevant literature. 3) Formulate a hypothesis. 4) Design the research study including determining the sample and methodology. 5) Collect and analyze data to test the hypothesis. 6) Interpret the results and report conclusions.

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Harish Maurya
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56 views17 pages

Steps in Research Process: Dr. Vasudev P. Iyer

The document outlines the key steps in the research process: 1) Define the research problem and formulate questions. 2) Review relevant literature. 3) Formulate a hypothesis. 4) Design the research study including determining the sample and methodology. 5) Collect and analyze data to test the hypothesis. 6) Interpret the results and report conclusions.

Uploaded by

Harish Maurya
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STEPS IN RESEARCH PROCESS

Dr. Vasudev P. Iyer

1
DEFINE THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

FORMULATE THE HYPOTHESIS

RESEARCH DESIGN (INCLUDING SAMPLE DESIGN)

COLLECTION OF DATA

ANALYSE THE DATA (TESTING OF THE HYPOTHESIS)

INTERPRET AND REPORT


2
The question to be answered or the problem to

be solved must first be clearly defined.

Specific question

Value v/s cost of research

3
Extensive survey of the literature

There are no problems for which answers have

never been sought


Books, Journals, Government reports,

conference proceedings etc.


Use the resources of a good library

4
Working hypothesis in clear terms

How to formulate?

Discussions with colleagues and experts

Examination of existing data and records

Pilot surveys

5
Conceptual structure of the research
General forms of research design
Non-experimental
Experimental
In a non-experimental design, the researcher
does not control or alter any of the independent
variables.
The two major non-experimental designs are
field studies and surveys.

6
In experimental design, the researcher may
alter the independent variables.
There are two broad categories of
experimental designs: field and laboratory.
Field experiments are done in a natural
setting, whereas laboratory experiments
are undertaken in a simulated setting

7
Methods of selecting sample
1) Deliberate sampling
• Selection from a universe according
to convenience
• Based on judgment
2) Simple random sampling
• Every item has equal change of
inclusion

8
Methods of selecting sample (contd)
3) Systematic sampling
• Select every 15th name on a list,
every 10th house so on.
4) Stratified sampling
• Population drawn from a number of
non-overlapping sub-populations.
5) Quota sampling
• To select a specified percentage of
sample from a sub-population.

9
 Methods of selecting sample (contd)

6) Cluster sampling
• Grouping of population and then selecting the
clusters.

7) Area sampling
• The area to be covered is divided into a number
of smaller sub-areas from which a sample is
selected at random within these areas.

10
 Methods of selecting sample (contd)

8) Multi-stage sampling

• Extension of cluster sampling


• Used when research covers large geographical
areas

9) Sequential sampling

• Sample size fixed according to the progress


achieved
• Complex

11
Data can be primary or secondary OR BOTH

Primary data can be collected in the field or the

laboratory through communication and


observation
Secondary data refer to data gathered by others

or from other studies.

12
Very important stage

Should be done in a systematic manner and in

time.
Careful checks should be made.

13
• completeness—checking for any omissions

• legibility—making sure that handwriting is understandable so that

answers will be coded correctly


• comprehensibility—making sure the answer is understandable

• consistency—checking for consistent answers from the respondent

• uniformity—checking to see that responses are recorded in the same

manner

14
• Data spreadsheet, statistical analyses can be

performed to create useful information for the


researchers.
• Use of various tests like Chi square test, t-test, F-test

etc.
• Generalizations and interpretation

15
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