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Discrete and Continous

This document discusses different types of data including quantitative, qualitative, discrete, and continuous data. It also discusses concepts such as frequency distributions, measures of central tendency like the mean, and measures of spread such as range and interquartile range. Quartiles (Q1, Q2, Q3) and how to calculate the interquartile range are defined. Box-and-whisker plots are introduced as a graph that visually represents the five number summary of a dataset.

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Jagadish Babu
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40 views

Discrete and Continous

This document discusses different types of data including quantitative, qualitative, discrete, and continuous data. It also discusses concepts such as frequency distributions, measures of central tendency like the mean, and measures of spread such as range and interquartile range. Quartiles (Q1, Q2, Q3) and how to calculate the interquartile range are defined. Box-and-whisker plots are introduced as a graph that visually represents the five number summary of a dataset.

Uploaded by

Jagadish Babu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Quantitative

Data are numbers: heights; weights; speeds; number of pets owned; years;
etc.

Discrete and continuous data

Qualitative

Data are not numbers. They may include favorite foods; smell, blood type
etc..
Discrete
Data are numbers that may take on specific, separated values. For example, when
you roll one die, you get 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
You cannot obtain a value of 3.75.

Continuous
Data are numbers that may take on all sorts of decimal or fractional values.
For example,
your weight may be measured precisely as 92.234 kilograms.
Your speed doesn't jump from 10 mph to 11 mph; it moves through every decimal
in between -- like 10.5 mph.
Frequency distribution

Mean = total of all data/number of values

= sum of frequency x value/total of frequency


QUARTILES : Upper and Lower quartiles
This lies 25% and 75% of the way through the data respectively

Q1 = Lower quartile = value in position ¼(n+1)

Q2 = median

Q3 = Upper quartile = value in position ¾ (n+1)

Range, the INTERQUARTILE range gives measure of how spread out or consistent the data is.

The main difference is that the Inter Quartile Range(IQR) avoids using extreme
data by finding the difference between the lower and upper quartiles.
You are effectively measuring the spread of the central 50% of the data.

IQR = Q3 – Q1
Find the IQR for the following data set: 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 15, 16, 20, 21.

Step 1: Put the numbers in order.


3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 15, 16, 20, 21.

Step 2: Make a mark in the center of the data:


3, 5, 7, 8, 9, | 11, 15, 16, 20, 21.

Step 3: Place parentheses around the numbers above and below the mark you
made in Step 2–it makes Q1 and Q3 easier to spot.
(3, 5, 7, 8, 9), | (11, 15, 16, 20, 21).

Step 4: Find Q1 and Q3


Q1 is the median (the middle) of the lower half of the data, and Q3 is the median
(the middle) of the upper half of the data.
(3, 5, 7, 8, 9), | (11, 15, 16, 20, 21). Q1 = 7 and Q3 = 16.

Step 5: Subtract Q1 from Q3.


16 – 7 = 9.
This is your IQR.
With an Even Sample Size:

For the sample (n=10) the median diastolic blood pressure is 71 (50% of the values are
above 71, and 50% are below). The quartiles can be determined in the same way we
determined the median, except we consider each half of the data set separately.

There are 5 values below the median (lower half), the middle value is 64 which is the first
quartile. There are 5 values above the median (upper half), the middle value is 77 which
is the third quartile. The interquartile range is 77 – 64 = 13; the interquartile range is the
range of the middle 50% of the data.
With an Odd Sample Size:

When the sample size is odd, the median and quartiles are determined in the same
way. Suppose in the previous example, the lowest value (62) were excluded, and the sample
size was n=9. The median and quartiles are indicated below.

When the sample size is 9, the median is the middle number 72. The quartiles are determined
in the same way looking at the lower and upper halves, respectively. There are 4 values in the
lower half, the first quartile is the mean of the 2 middle values in the lower half
((64+64)/2=64). The same approach is used in the upper half to determine the third quartile
((77+81)/2=79).
What are Box-and-Whisker Plots?

A box-and-whisker plot is a type of graph that has statistics from a five-number summary.
Explanation:
Here's an example:
The five-number summary consists of:

Minimum: lowest value/observation

Lower quartile or Q1: "median" of the lower half of data; lies at 25% of data

Median: middle value/observation

Higher quartile or Q3: "median" of the upper half of data; lies at 75% of data

Maximum: highest value/observation

The interquartile range (IQR) is the range of the lower quartile (Q1) and upper
quartile (Q2).

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