PUMP

GROUP 2
PUMP
HISTORY
2000 BC Egyptians - invent the shadoof to raise water. It uses a long suspended rod with a bucket at one end and a
weight at the other.
200 BC Greek - inventor and mathematician Ctesibius invents the water organ, an air pump with valves on the bottom, a
tank of water in between them and a row of pipes on top. This is the principal design that is now known as the reciprocating
pump.
200 BC Archimedean - screw pump is designed by Archimedes is considered one of the greatest inventions of all time
and is still in use today for pumping liquids and granulated solids in both the industrialized world and in the third world—where
it is a preferred way to irrigate agricultural fields without electrical pumps.
1475 - According to Reti, the Brazilian soldier and historian of science, the first machine that could be characterized as a
centrifugal pump was a mud lifting machine that appeared in a treatise by the Italian Renaissance engineer Francesco di
Giorgio Martini.
1588 - Sliding vane water pump technology is described by Italian engineer Agostino Ramelli in his book “The Diverse and
Artifactitious Machines of Captain Agostino Ramelli,” which also included other pump and engine designs.
1593 - Frenchman Nicolas Grollier de Servière creates an early design for a gear pump.
1636 - Pappenheim, a German engineer, invents the double deep-toothed rotary gear pump, which is still used to lubricate
engines. This gear pump made it possible to dispense with the reciprocating slide valves used by Ramelli. Pappenheim drove
his machine by an overshot water wheel set in motion by a stream and was used to feed water fountains. The emperor
Ferdinand II granted him a “privilege” - the equivalent of a patent - in respect of this invention.
1650 - Otto van Guericke invents the piston vacuum pump, which used leather washers to prevent leakage between the
cylinder and the piston.
1675 - Sir Samuel Moreland—an English academic, diplomat, spy, inventor and mathematician—patents the packed plunger
pump, capable of raising great quantities of water with far less proportion of strength than a chain or other pump. The piston
had a leather seal. Moreland's pump may have been the first use of a piston rod and stuffing box (packed in a cylinder) to
displace water. 4
 1687 - French-born inventor Denis Papin develops the first true centrifugal pump, one with straight vanes used for
local drainage.
 1738 - In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that for an inviscid flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid
occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy. It is named after the
Dutch-Swiss mathematician Daniel Bernoulli, who published it in a book “Hydrodynamica.” The principle is applied to
various types of fluid flow and is loosely known as Bernoulli's equation.
 1782 - James Watt—who invented the steam engine's connecting rod crank mechanism, which made it possible to
convert the piston's reciprocating motion into rotary motion—designs an oscillating piston machine in which a wing-
shaped rotary blade made a near complete revolution uncovering inlet ports in a chamber separated by a curved radial
wall.
 1790 - Briton Thomas Simpson harnesses steam power to pumping engines for municipal water applications and
founds the London company Simpson and Thompson Co. (predecessor to Worthington Simpson).
 1830 - Modern screw pump is invented by Revillion.
 1845 - Henry R. Worthington invents the first direct-acting steam pumping engine. Worthington Pump designed its
first products to power canal boats and U.S. naval vessels. Worthington later pioneered pump designs for boiler feed,
oil pipeline and hydro-electric applications.
 1848 - In Seneca Falls, N.Y., Seabury S. Gould purchases the interests of Edward Mynderse and H.C. Silsby in
Downs, Mynderse & Co., forming Downs & Co., later known as Goulds Manufacturing Company.
 1849 - Goulds casts and assembles the world's first all-metal pump.
 1851 - British inventor John Appold introduces the curved vane centrifugal pump.

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DEFINITION AND TERMS
PUMP
A pump is a machine that imparts energy into a liquid to lift the liquid
to a higher level, to transport the liquid from one place to another, to
pressurize the liquid for some useful purpose, or to circulate the liquid in
a piping system by overcoming the frictional resistance of the piping
system.

The purpose of a pump is to transfer a fluid from a region of low

pressure to another region at the same or higher pressure.

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Total Dynamic Head or Dynamic Head – is the sum of the pressure and velocity heads
at a given section stated in units of feet of the fluid flowing.

Total Dynamic Suction Lift – is applied to pumps handling cold water and is the reading
of a manometer or vacuum gage (converted to feet of the fluid flowing).

Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) – is the difference between the absolute dynamic
pressure of the liquid measured at the centerline of a pump and the saturation pressure
corresponding to the temperature of the liquid at the same point, all expressed ion terms of
feet head of the fluid flowing. NPSH may also be defined as the pressure at the pump suction
flange, corrected to the pump centerline, that prevents vaporization of the water.

Developed Head (DH) – is the difference between the sum of the absolute pressure head
and velocity head (or absolute dynamic head) at the outlet of the pump and the sum of the
absolute pressure head and velocity head (or absolute dynamic head) at the inlet, both
corrected to the centerline of the pump and expressed in feet head of the
fluid.

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Static Head – is the height of the surface of water above the gauge point.

Pressure Head – is the static head plus gauge pressure on the water surface plus friction
head.

Velocity Head – is the head required to produce a flow of the water.

Suction Lift – the vertical distance in feet (meters) from the liquid supply level to the pump
center line with the pump physically located above the liquid level supply.

Suction Head - the vertical distance in feet (meters) from the liquid supply level to the pump
center line with the pump physically located below the liquid level supply.

Static Discharge Head – the vertical distance in feet (meters)between the pump center
line and the point of free discharge on the surface of the liquid in the discharge tank.

Total Static Head – the vertical distance in feet (meters) between the liquid level of the
supply and the point of free discharge on the surface of the liquid in the discharge tank.
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Friction Head - the head required to overcome the resistance to flow in the pipe and fittings.

Total Dynamic Suction Lift – is the static suction lift plus the velocity head at the pump
suction flange plus the total friction head in the suction pipeline.

Total Dynamic Suction Head - is the static suction head minus the velocity head at the pump
suction flange minus the total friction head in the suction pipeline.

Total Dynamic Discharge Head – is the static discharge head plus the velocity head at the
pump discharge flange plus the total friction head in the discharge line.

Capacity – is the rate of flow of fluid measure per unit time, usually gallons per minute (gpm) or
liters per minute (lpm).

Centrifugal Pump – a pump in which the pressure is developed principally by the action of
centrifugal force.

End Suction Pump – a single suction pump having its suction nozzle on the opposite side of
the casing from the stuffing box and having the face of the suction nozzle perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of the shaft. 10
In Line Pump – a centrifugal pump whose drive unit is supported by the pump having its
suction and discharge flanges on approximately the same center.

Horizontal Pump – a pump with the shaft normally in a horizontal position.

Vertical Shaft Turbine Pump – a centrifugal pump with one or more impellers discharging
into one or more bowls and a vertical educator or column pipe used to connect the bowls to the
discharge head on which the pump driver is mounted.

Horizontal Split-case Pump – a centrifugal pump characterized by a housing which is split

parallel to the shaft.

Booster Pump – is a pump that takes suction from a public service main or private use water
system for the purpose of increasing the effective water pressure.

Submersible Pump – is a vertical turbine pump with the pump and motor closed coupled and
designed to be installed underground, as in the case of a deepwell pump.
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Static Water Level – the level, with respect to the pump, of the body of water from which it
takes suction when the pump is not in operation.

Pumping Water Level – the level, with respect to the pump, of the body of water from
which it takes suction when the pump is in operation.

Draw-Down – the vertical difference between the pumping water level and the static water
level.

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TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION OF PUMP

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CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS

I. Reciprocating

II.Rotary

III. Centrifugal
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 RECIPROCATING PUMP
WHAT IS A RECIPROCATING PUMP?
Reciprocating Pump is a device which converts the mechanical energy
into hydraulic energy by sucking the liquid into a cylinder. In this pump, a piston is
reciprocating, which use thrust on the liquid and increase its hydraulic energy.

This pump is also known a called a Positive Displacement

Pump. Because it discharges a definite quantity of liquid.

It is often used where a small quantity of liquid is to handled and where

delivery pressure is quite large.

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 RECIPROCATING PUMP
Action 1: The plunger or Action 2: The piston has
piston is pulled back. The reached it's maximum
action increases the volume displacement. Since it is
of the cavity. As the cavity not moving into or out of
volume expands, fluid is the cavity, fluid is not
drawn in through the inlet to flowing through the inlet
fill the expanding cavity. or the outlet.

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Action 3: After reaching it's Action 4: The piston reaches its
maximum position, it is then maximum extension into the
pushed back into the cavity. cavity. Here the volume of the
During this process, the piston cavity is at a minimum and fluid
applies enough pressure to is not flowing through the inlet
the fluid to overcome the or the outlet. The next action
pressure in the outlet of the repeats the process, starting
pump. This pressure again with action 1.
differential pushes the fluid
from inside the cavity through
the outlet of the pump.

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COMPLETE ACTION OF A
RECIPROCATING PUMP

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VISUAL REPRESENTATION

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 ROTARY PUMP
WHAT IS ROTARY PUMP?
Positive displacement rotary pumps are pumps that move fluid
using the principles of rotation. The vacuum created by the rotation of
the pump captures and draws in the liquid. Rotary pumps are very
efficient because they naturally remove air from the lines, eliminating the
need to bleed the air from the lines manually.

4 TYPES OF ROTARY PUMPS

 GEAR PUMP
 LOBE PUMP
 SCREW PUMP
 VANE PUMP

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GEAR PUMP
A gear pump consists of two identical, interlocking gears
supported by separate shafts. Generally, one gear is driven by a
motor and this drives the other gear (the idler). In some cases, both
shafts may be driven by motors. The shafts are supported by
bearings on each side of the casing.

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 HOW GEAR PUMP WORK?
1. As the gears come out of mesh on
the inlet side of the pump, they
create an expanded
volume. Liquid flows into the
cavities and is trapped by the gear
teeth as the gears continue to
rotate against the pump casing.
2. The trapped fluid is moved from the
inlet, to the discharge, around the
casing.
3. As the teeth of the gears become
interlocked on the discharge side of
the pump, the volume is reduced
and the fluid is forced out under
pressure.
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LOBE PUMP
Lobe pumps are similar to external gear pumps in operation in
that fluid flows around the interior of the casing. Unlike external gear
pumps, however, the lobes do not make contact. Lobe contact is
prevented by external timing gears located in the gearbox. Pump shaft
support bearings are located in the gearbox, and since the bearings are
out of the pumped liquid, pressure is limited by bearing location and
shaft deflection

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HOW LOBE PUMP WORK?

1. As the lobes come out of mesh,

they create expanding volume on
the inlet side of the
pump. Liquid flows into the
cavity and is trapped by the lobes
as they rotate.
2. Liquid travels around the interior
of the casing in the pockets
between the lobes and the
casing -- it does not pass
between the lobes.
3. Finally, the meshing of the lobes
forces liquid through the outlet
port under pressure.
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SCREW PUMP
A screw pump is a type of rotary pump which is equipped
with screws that mesh together and rotate within a cylindrical
cavity or liner. The fluid enters from the suction side of the pump
and moves linearly along these intermeshing screws to the
discharge side of the pump. The clearances between the screws
and the liner are very small hence the fluid gains pressure while
moving through the pump.

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HOW SCREW PUMP WORK?
• A Screw Pump is a type of Positive Displacement Pump. This means
that it moves fluid by continually displacing the area that the fluid
occupies. The screws are encased inside of a liner, usually made of
some sort of metal. The fluid fits into the screw cavities within this
liner and is forced through the pump and out of the discharge as the
screws rotate and inter-mesh.

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VANE PUMP
• While vane pumps can handle
moderate viscosity liquids,
they excel at handling low
viscosity liquids such as LP
gas (propane), ammonia,
solvents, alcohol, fuel oils,
gasoline, and
refrigerants. Vane pumps
have no internal metal-to-
metal contact and self-
compensate for wear, enabling
them to maintain peak
performance on these non-
lubricating liquids.
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 HOW VANE PUMP WORK?
1. A slotted rotor is eccentrically supported in a cycloidal cam. The rotor is
located close to the wall of the cam so a crescent-shaped cavity is
formed. The rotor is sealed into the cam by two sideplates. Vanes or
blades fit within the slots of the impeller. As the rotor rotates (yellow
arrow) and fluid enters the pump, centrifugal force, hydraulic pressure,
and/or pushrods push the vanes to the walls of the housing. The tight
seal among the vanes, rotor, cam, and sideplate is the key to the good
suction characteristics common to the vane pumping principle.

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2. The housing and 3. As the rotor continues around,
cam force fluid into the the vanes sweep the fluid to the
pumping chamber opposite side of the crescent
through holes in the where it is squeezed through
cam (small red arrow discharge holes of the cam as the
on the bottom of the vane approaches the point of the
pump). Fluid enters crescent (small red arrow on the
the pockets created by side of the pump). Fluid then
the vanes, rotor, cam, exits the discharge port.
and sideplate.

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VANE PUMP

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 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
WHAT IS A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP?
Centrifugal Pumps are the most popular and commonly
used type of pump for the transfer of fluids. In simple words, it is a
pump that uses a rotating impeller to move water or other fluids by
using centrifugal force. These are the undisputed pump choice
especially for delivering liquid from one location to another in
numerous industries including agriculture, municipal (water and
wastewater plants), industrial, power generation plants,
petroleum, mining, chemical, pharmaceutical, and many others.

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 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
HOW IT WORKS?

Centrifugal pumps are used to induce flow or raise a liquid

from a low level to a high level. These pumps work on a very simple
mechanism. A centrifugal pump converts rotational energy, often from a
motor, to energy in a moving fluid.
The two main parts that are responsible for the conversion of
energy are the impeller and the casing. The impeller is the rotating part
of the pump and the casing is the airtight passage which surrounds the
impeller. In a centrifugal pump, fluid enters into the casing, falls on the
impeller blades at the eye of the impeller, and is whirled tangentially and
radially outward until it leaves the impeller into the diffuser part of the
casing. While passing through the impeller, the fluid is gaining both
velocity and pressure.
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CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

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TYPES OF PUMPS

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Various positive-displacement pumps
The positive displacement principle applies in these pumps:

• Rotary Lobe Pump

• Progressive Cavity Pump
• Rotary Gear Pump
• Piston Pump
• Diaphragm Pump
• Screw Pump
• Gear Pump
• Hydraulic Pump
• Rotary Vane Pump
• Peristaltic Pump
• Rope Pump
• Flexible Impeller Pump
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• A Progressive Cavity Pump is a type of positive displacement pump and is also known as a
progressing cavity pump, progg cavity pump, eccentric screw pump or cavity pump. It
transfers fluid by means of the progress, through the pump, of a sequence of small, fixed
shape, discrete cavities, as its rotor is turned. This leads to the volumetric flow rate being
proportional to the rotation rate (bidirectionally) and to low levels of shearing being applied
to the pumped fluid. A common misconception among laymen is that the progressive cavity
pump is a simple auger. This type of pump is by no means an auger. This misconception is
usually caused by a lack of understanding of the basic principles of pump operation.

• These pumps have application in fluid metering and pumping of viscous or shear-sensitive
materials. The cavities taper down toward their ends and overlap. As one cavity diminishes
another increases, the net flow amount has minimal variation as the total displacement is
equal. This design results in a flow with little to no pulse.

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• A Piston Pump is a type of positive displacement pump where the high-pressure seal
reciprocates with the piston. Piston pumps can be used to move liquids or compress gases.
They can operate over a wide range of pressures. High pressure operation can be achieved
without a strong effect on flow rate. Piston pumps can also deal with viscous media and
media containing solid particles . This pump type functions through a piston cup, oscillation
mechanism where down-strokes cause pressure differentials, filling of pump chambers, where
up-stroke forces the pump fluid out for use. Piston pumps are often used in scenarios
requiring high, consistent pressure and in water irrigation or delivery systems.

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• A Diaphragm Pump (also known as a Membrane pump) is a positive
displacement pump that uses a combination of the reciprocating action of a
rubber, thermoplastic or Teflon diaphragm and suitable valves on either side of
the diaphragm (check valve, butterfly valves, flap valves, or any other form of
shut-off valves) to pump a fluid.

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• A Peristaltic Pump is a type of positive displacement pump used for pumping a
variety of fluids, they are also commonly known as roller pumps. The fluid is
contained within a flexible tube fitted inside a circular pump casing (though linear
peristaltic pumps have been made). A rotor with a number of "rollers", "shoes",
"wipers", or "lobes" attached to the external circumference of the rotor compresses
the flexible tube. As the rotor turns, the part of the tube under compression is
pinched closed (or "occludes") thus forcing the fluid to be pumped to move through
the tube. Additionally, as the tube opens to its natural state after the passing of the
cam ("restitution" or "resilience") fluid flow is induced to the pump. This process is
called peristalsis and is used in many biological systems such as the gastrointestinal
tract. Typically, there will be two or more rollers, or wipers, occluding the tube,
trapping between them a body of fluid. The body of fluid is then transported, at
ambient pressure, toward the pump outlet. Peristaltic pumps may run continuously,
or they may be indexed through partial revolutions to deliver smaller amounts of
fluid.

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• A Rope Pump is a kind of pump where a loose hanging rope is lowered
into a well and drawn up through a long pipe with the bottom immersed
in water. On the rope, round disks or knots matching the diameter of the
pipe are attached which pull the water to the surface. It is commonly used
in developing countries for both community supply and self-supply of
water and can be installed on boreholes or hand-dug wells.

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• A Flexible Impeller Pump is a positive-displacement pump that, by deforming
impeller vanes, draws the liquid into the pump housing and moves it to the
discharge port with a constant flow rate. The flexibility of the vanes enables a
tight seal to the internal housing, making the pump self-priming, while also
permitting bi-directional operation. The output from these pumps tends to be
smooth or gentle when compared to the operation of a reciprocating pump
(for example). In 1938, Arthur M. Briggs filed a patent for this type of pump.

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS