Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

VECTOR MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERS: STATICS

CHAPTER 6
FRICTION

VECTOR MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERS: STATICS

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Introduction
• In preceding chapters, it was assumed that surfaces in contact were
either frictionless (surfaces could move freely with respect to each
other) or rough (tangential forces prevent relative motion between
surfaces).

• Actually, no perfectly frictionless surface exists. For two surfaces

in contact, tangential forces, called friction forces, will develop if
one attempts to move one relative to the other.

• However, the friction forces are limited in magnitude and will not
prevent motion if sufficiently large forces are applied.

• The distinction between frictionless and rough is, therefore, a matter

of degree.

• There are two types of friction: dry or Coulomb friction and fluid
friction. Fluid friction applies to lubricated mechanisms. The
present discussion is limited to dry friction between nonlubricated
surfaces.
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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
The Laws of Dry Friction. Coefficients of Friction
• Block of weight W placed on horizontal
surface. Forces acting on block are its weight
and reaction of surface N.

• Small horizontal force P applied to block. For

block to remain stationary, in equilibrium, a
horizontal component F of the surface reaction
is required. F is a static-friction force.

• As P increases, the static-friction force F

increases as well until it reaches a maximum
value Fm.
Fm   s N

• Further increase in P causes the block to begin

to move as F drops to a smaller kinetic-friction
force Fk.
Fk   k N
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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
The Laws of Dry Friction. Coefficients of Friction
• Maximum static-friction force:
Fm   s N

• Kinetic-friction force:
Fk   k N
 k  0.75 s

• Maximum static-friction force and kinetic-

friction force are:
- proportional to normal force
- dependent on type and condition of
contact surfaces
- independent of contact area

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
The Laws of Dry Friction. Coefficients of Friction
• Four situations can occur when a rigid body is in contact with
a horizontal surface:

• No friction, • No motion, • Motion impending, • Motion,

(Px = 0) (Px < Fm) (Px = Fm) (Px > Fm)

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Angles of Friction
• It is sometimes convenient to replace normal force
N and friction force F by their resultant R:

• No friction • No motion • Motion impending • Motion

Fm  s N Fk  k N
tan  s   tan  k  
N N N N
tan  s   s tan  k   k

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Angles of Friction
• Consider block of weight W resting on board with
variable inclination angle q.

• No friction • No motion • Motion • Motion

impending

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 6.1
SOLUTION:
• Determine values of friction force
and normal reaction force from plane
required to maintain equilibrium.

• Calculate maximum friction force

and compare with friction force
required for equilibrium. If it is
greater, block will not slide.

• If maximum friction force is less

A 100 lb force acts as shown on a 300 lb than friction force required for
block placed on an inclined plane. The equilibrium, block will slide.
coefficients of friction between the block Calculate kinetic-friction force.
and plane are s = 0.25 and k = 0.20.
Determine whether the block is in
equilibrium and find the value of the
friction force.
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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 6.1
SOLUTION:
• Determine values of friction force and normal
reaction force from plane required to maintain
equilibrium.
 Fx  0 : 100 lb - 53 300 lb   F  0
F  80 lb

 Fy  0 : N - 54 300 lb   0

N  240 lb
• Calculate maximum friction force and compare
with friction force required for equilibrium. If it is
greater, block will not slide.
Fm   s N Fm  0.25240 lb   60 lb
The block will slide down the plane.

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 6.1
• If maximum friction force is less than friction
force required for equilibrium, block will slide.
Calculate kinetic-friction force.
Factual  Fk   k N
 0.20240 lb
Factual  48 lb

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 6.2
Determine whether the block shown is in
equilibrium and find the magnitude and direction of
the friction force when θ = 25° and P = 750 N.

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 6.2
Determine whether the block shown is in
equilibrium and find the magnitude and direction
of the friction force when θ = 30° and P = 150 N.

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 6.3
The coefficients of friction are μs = 0.40 and μk =
0.30 between all surfaces of contact. Determine
the smallest force P required to start the 30-kg
block moving if cable AB (a) is attached as
shown, (b) is removed.

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Wedges

• Wedges - simple • Block as free-body • Wedge as free-body

machines used to raise  Fx  0 :  Fx  0 :
heavy loads.
 N1   s N 2  0   s N 2  N3  s cos 6  sin 6
• Force required to lift  Fy  0 : P0
block is significantly
less than block weight.  W   s N1  N 2  0  Fy  0 :
or  N 2  N 3 cos 6   s sin 6  0
• Friction prevents wedge
  
from sliding out. R1  R2  W  0 or
  
• Want to find minimum P  R2  R3  0
force P to raise block.

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 6.4

The machine part ABC is supported by a frictionless hinge at B

and a 10° wedge at C. Knowing that the coefficient of static
friction at both surfaces of the wedge is 0.20, determine (a) the
force P required to move the wedge, (b) the components of the
corresponding reaction at B.

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 6.4
SOLUTION

Free body: Part ABC

Free body: Wedge Force triangle

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 6.4
(a) Law of sines:

(b) Return to part ABC:

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 6.5
Block A supports a pipe column and rests as
shown on wedge B. Knowing that the coefficient
of static friction at all surfaces of contact is 0.25
and that θ = 45°, determine the smallest force P
required to raise
block A.
SOLUTION

FBD block A:

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
Sample Problem 6.5
FBD wedge B:

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics

THANK YOU

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