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Lesson 3 - Filters

This document discusses frequency-selective filters and their characteristics. It describes low-pass, high-pass, bandpass, and band-reject filters. Key points covered include: the cutoff frequency where the reactance of a capacitor or inductor equals resistance, determining cutoff frequencies using RC or RL circuits, and the decibel reduction in amplitude above or below the cutoff frequency. Application of these filters in active circuits using operational amplifiers is also mentioned.

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Rennel Mallari
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64 views

Lesson 3 - Filters

This document discusses frequency-selective filters and their characteristics. It describes low-pass, high-pass, bandpass, and band-reject filters. Key points covered include: the cutoff frequency where the reactance of a capacitor or inductor equals resistance, determining cutoff frequencies using RC or RL circuits, and the decibel reduction in amplitude above or below the cutoff frequency. Application of these filters in active circuits using operational amplifiers is also mentioned.

Uploaded by

Rennel Mallari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Engr Ren

 Is a frequency – selective circuit.


 Designed to pass some frequencies and reject
others.

 Active / passive
 Low-pass filter
 High-pass filter
 Bandpass filter
 Band-reject filter
 Passes frequencies below a critical frequency
called the cut off frequency and greatly
attenuates those above the cut off freq.
 Referred to as high-cut filters
 At low frequencies, the capacitor has very
high reactance compared to R, therefore the
attenuation is minimum
 The cut off freq is the point where
 Xc = R
 It is also called critical freq
 fco = 1 / 2 RC
 What is the cut off freq. of a single-section RC
low-pass filter with R=8.2 kohm and C=0.0033
uF?
 At the cutoff freq, the output amplitude is
70.7% of the input amplitude at lower freq
called the 3dB down point.
 At frequencies above the cutoff freq, the
amplitude decreases at a linear rate of 6 dB
per octave or 20 dB per decade
 Octave – defined as a doubling or halving of
frequency
 Decade – represents 1/10 relationship
 Can also be implemented with an inductor and a resistor.
 The fco is determined by: R/2 L
 Passes frequencies above a critical freq/ cutoff freq
but rejects those below it
 At low frequencies, the capacitor has very
high reactance compared to R, therefore the
attenuation is maximum

 Xc = R
 fco=1/ 2 RC
 The roll off rate is 6 dB per octave or 20 per
decade

 A high-pass filter can also be implemented


with a coil and a resistor.
 What is the resistor value that will produce a
cutoff freq of 3.4 kHz with a 0.047-uF
capacitor in a high-pass RC filter?
 Referred to as bandstop or band-reject filter.
 Used greatly to attenuate a narrow range of
freq around a center point.
 The center notch freq is computed:

 fnotch=1 / 2 RC
 What values of capacitors would you use in an
RC twin-T notch filter to remove 120 Hz if
R=220 kohm?
 It allows a narrow range of frequencies
around a center frequency f to pass with
minimum attenuation but reject frequencies
above and below this range.
 Are freq-selective circuits that incorporate RC
networks and amplifiers to produce low pass.
High pass, bandpass and bandstop
performance.
 Gain
 No inductors
 Easy to tune
 Isolation
 Define OP-AMP
 Discuss the different types of op-amp
 What are the characteristics of an ideal and
actual op-amp?

 [include the author,title,control no. and page


no of the book reference from the auf library]
 end

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