Hearing Conservation

Training

Environmental Health and Safety

Wake Forest University
 Did You Know?

 About 30 million workers are exposed

to hazardous noise on the job. One in 4
of these workers (or 7.5 million
Americans) will develop permanent
hearing loss.
 Noise-induced hearing loss is the most
common occupational hazard for
American workers
 Hearing loss from noise is slow and
painless; you can have a disability
before you notice it
 If you must raise your voice to speak
with someone only 3 feet away, you are
in high (hazardous) noise.
 It is 100% preventable
 Hearing Conservation
 Noise Conservation is also called
the Noise Standard and is
regulated by OSHA (Occupational
Safety and Health Administration)
 OSHA Regulation (29 CFR 1910.95)
 Goal - prevent hearing loss
associated with high noise levels at
work
 Noise
NoiseExposure at Work
Exposure At Work
This presentation will cover the following topics:

1. Identify potential sources of

hearing loss
2. Learn how to prevent
hearing loss at work
3. Meet regulatory
requirements
4. The purpose of audiometric
testing and how it works
 How is Noise Measured?
 Noise levels are
measured in decibels
(dB)
 Decibels are not linear
measurements
 The difference in energy
between 100 decibels
and 110 is not 10% -
actually is 100 times the
sound level pressure
Effects of exposure to loud noise

 Exposure to loud noise will

inevitably cause hearing loss over
time.
 Once the nerves of the inner ear
are destroyed or damaged from
exposure to excessive noise, the
damage is permanent
 Loud noise damages or destroys
the nerves in the inner ear.
 Another effect can be “tinnitus” or
permanent ringing in the ear.
Factors Affecting Hearing Loss
 The following factors can affect
hearing loss:
 Noise Intensity or Sound Pressure
 Frequency or Pitch of sound

 Length of Daily Exposure

 Duration of Exposure in Years

 Individual Susceptibility

 Other Factors (disease, genetics,

lifestyle, age, etc.)
 When is Noise Too Loud?
• Noise is measured in
units called “decibels” or
“dB”
• If two people 3 feet apart
must shout to be heard,
the background noise is
too loud (above 85
decibels).
• Noise above 140 decibels
causes pain and
immediate hearing loss.
 Signs of Hearing Loss

 Difficulty hearing people speak.

 Inability to hear certain high-pitched or soft
sounds.
 Noise or ringing in ears.
 Getting complaints that the radio or tv is too
loud.
 Long Term Exposure to Noise
• Our ears can recover
from short exposure to
loud noise, but over time
nerve damage will occur.

• The longer and louder

the noise, the greater
chance permanent
damage will occur.

• There is no such thing as

“tough ears” or “getting
used to it”.
 Effects of noise to inner ear
Hair cells in inner ear transmit noise signals to the brain

Normal hair cells Noise-damaged hair cells

 Tinnitus From Noise Exposure

• Exposure to high noise levels

can also cause permanent
ringing in the ear or “tinnitus”.
• Tinnitus sufferers usually
complain of constant whistling,
squealing, roaring or buzzing
in one or both ears.
• Severe tinnitus may disrupt
sleep, reduce concentration
and cause irritability and
depression.
What is Too Much Noise Exposure?
• Damage from noise exposure
depends on the loudness and
length of exposure.
• Scientific studies have shown
that hearing loss can occur
when 8-hour average noise
exposure exceeds 85 decibels.
• The risk of hearing loss
increases dramatically as
noise levels increase.
• Exposure to noise levels above
115 decibels for even five
minutes is very risky.
 OSHA Standard
If 8-hour average exceeds 85 dBA
then the employer must:
1. Monitor (measure) exposure and
notify employee of the results
2. Provide audiometric testing

3. Provide hearing protection

4. Provide training

5. Keep records of monitoring and

audiometric testing
Daily Allowable Exposure Times to Noise
The table below shows noise levels and how long a
person can be exposed without hearing protection
before there is damage to the ear.
Noise Level Allowable Exposure Time

85 decibels 8 hours
90 decibels 4 hours
100 decibels 1 hour
105 decibels 30 minutes
110 decibels 15 minutes
115 decibels 0 minutes
 Examples of Common Noise
Exposures

Source dBA Source dBA

Whisper 20 Ipod 90

Refrigerator 40 Woodworking 93-120

Gun Shot 130-140
Conversation 60
Riding Motorcycle 90
Average TV 74
Snow Mobile 120
Blender 80
Rock Concert 140
 Examples of Noisy Equipment
 Below are some examples of noise levels of various
equipment used on campus without the use of hearing
protection.
Equipment Noise Level
Back Hoe 85-95 decibels
Chain Saw 110 decibels
Front-end Loader 90-95 decibels
Gunshot 140 decibels
Jackhammer 112 decibels
Lawn Mower 90 decibels
Tractor 95-105 decibels
Circular Saw 90-100 decibels
 Noise Levels and Permissible Exposure Levels
Without Hearing Protection

Below is the maximum amount of time a person

can spend exposed to this equipment without
hearing protection.

 Chiller Buildings 14 hours

 Router 97 dBA 3 hour
 Radial arm saw 105 dBA 1 hour
 Table saw 96 dBA 3.5 hours
 Portable belt sander dBA 100 2 hours
 Examples of Noisy Areas at UT
Campus
 Machine Rooms and Chiller Rooms
 Steam Plant
 Wood working shops
 Motor Pool
 Operating heavy equipment, such as
backhoes, bull dozers
 Construction equipment, such as: table
saws, radial arm saw routers, belt sanders,
drills
 Landscaping equipment, such as
lawnmowers and leaf blowers.
 Noise Control Measures
 The employer must take some steps to control
noise exposure in the workplace, such as:
 Identifying noise hazardous equipment.
 Using Engineering, Administrative and Hearing
Protection to minimize or eliminate noise
exposure.
 Modifying the source of the noise so it is
quieter, using engineering controls.
 Increasing distance between the employee and
the noise hazard.
 Limiting worker exposure time.
 Requiring the use of hearing protection devices
when the above measures are not feasible
and/or do not decrease noise levels below a
TWA-8 of 85 dBA.
 Engineering Controls
 Engineering controls are
the most preferred option
in reducing or eliminating
the noise hazard by:
 Reducing or eliminating noise
at the source.
 Interrupting the noise path.

 Reducing reverberation and

structural vibration.
 Administrative Controls
 If engineering controls do not work to
eliminate the noise hazard, then
administrative controls should be
considered:
 Operate noisy equipment on second
or third shifts.
 Rotate employees through high-noise
areas.
 Modify existing machinery.
 Place noise limit specs. on new
equip.
 Maintain equip. in good condition.
 Use noise control when installed.
 Reporting noisy equip. to supervisor
for repair.
 Personal Protective Equipment

 If engineering or
administrative controls do
not work to eliminate the
noise hazard, then
personal protective
equipment should be
considered as a last
resort.
 This includes using
hearing protection, such
as ear plugs or ear muffs.
 Types of Hearing Protection
There are three types of
hearing protection – ear muffs,
earplugs and ear caps.

Ear muffs and earplugs provide

about equal protection, ear
caps somewhat less.
earmuffs

earplugs ear caps

 Types of Hearing Protectors

 All hearing protectors are

designed to reduce the intensity
(loudness) of noise to the inner
ear.
 They work much better than
wads of cotton or bits of cloth
stuffed in the ear.
 All three types have advantages
and disadvantages and people
vary on which they prefer to Cotton doesn’t
work!!
use.
 Hearing Protection – Ear Plugs

 Earplugs are made of foam,

rubber or plastic and are either
one-size-fits-all or in sizes
small, medium and large.
 Some are disposable, some are
reusable.
 They are lightweight, and
require no maintenance.
 They are inserted into the ear
canal.
 Ear Plug Comfort
 Some people may find ear
plugs uncomfortable to wear
for long periods at first.
 Ear plugs rarely cause infection
or prolonged irritation of the
ear canal.
 Most people can find a
comfortable fit by trying
several different sizes, types or
brands.
 Custom-molded earplugs can
be obtained for maximum
comfort. custom molded
earplugs
 Inserting Foam Earplugs
Foam type earplugs are one-size-fits-all and
must be inserted properly into the ear.

Roll earplug into small cylinder first, then insert in ear.

 Inserting Foam Earplugs

Earplug incorrectly inserted Earplug correctly inserted

 Ear Muffs
Ear muffs cover the whole
ear and are preferred by
some people.

They have replaceable

pads and some high-tech
styles filter out specific
noise pitches.

They last longer than most

plugs.
 Attached Earmuffs

Some muffs are attached to

hard hats or goggles.

Some high-tech muffs can

filter out certain frequencies
or have radios inside for
communication in high noise
areas.
 Ear Muff Comfort & Glasses

Muffs can be
uncomfortable in hot
weather.

Muffs don’t seal well for

someone with glasses or
heavy sideburns.
 Ear Caps
 Ear caps are like
earplugs, except they
do not go into the ear
canal, they only block it.
 They are good for
occasional use or for
people who find
earplugs uncomfortable.
 They are not as
protective as earplugs
or muffs.
 Noise Reduction of Hearing Protection

The “noise reduction

rating” or “NRR” of
hearing protection is
measured in decibels.

The NRR is found on

the earmuff or earplug
package. The higher
the number, the
greater the protection.
 How can you hear anything
with earmuffs on?
 Using earmuffs or plugs in
noisy areas can actually
make it easier to hear
coworkers or machinery.

 They reduce overwhelming

loud background noise.

 They are similar to dark

glasses that reduce the
sun’s glare making it easier
to see.
 Proper Use of Hearing Protection

 Earmuffs and plugs

provide good protection
only when used
properly.
 Sometimes people will
remove hearing
protection for “just a
minute” in a noisy area.
 In areas of very high
noise exposure, this
could result in noise
overexposure. It won’t protect your ears if
it is around your neck!!!
Instructions on Selection, Fitting, Use,
and Care of Hearing Protectors
Ear plugs
 Keep clean and free of materials
 Wash in mild liquid detergent and warm
water
 Squeeze excess water and air dry

 Discard plugs when hardened or do not

re-expand
 Ear Canals
 Clean like normal ear plugs
 Do not tamper with the headband and
the acoustic seal
Instructions on Selection, Fitting, Use,
and Care of Hearing Protectors

 Ear Muffs
 Keep clean and free of debris
 Clean cushions with warm soapy water
 Do not tamper with the acoustic seal
between the cushions and the
headband
 Do not modify the ear muffs in any
way
 Do not stretch or abuse the
headband
 Proper Use of Hearing Protection
It takes just a few minutes
of unprotected exposure at
noise above 115 decibels
to risk hearing damage.

Earplugs not well inserted

into the ear canal will not
provide complete
protection.

Likewise, earmuffs not

snug against the head will
“leak” noise into the ear.
Hearing Aids Are Not Hearing Protection

 Hearing aids do not block out

enough sound for most
workplace noise.
 Some hearing aids can
actually increase the noise
level at the ear.
 Just turning off the hearing
aids will not prevent further
hearing loss from noise
exposure.
 Portable Radios/CD Players/iPods

• These devices do not provide

protection from noise.
• The earphones are not
earmuffs and the music only
adds to background other
noise.
• The music level in the
earphones themselves can
exceed 85 decibels and cause
hearing loss.
 Monitoring
 Environmental Health and Safety
can conduct noise monitoring to
determine the level of noise
exposure.
 Sound level meter - gives an
Sound Level Meter
instant reading
 Sound level dosimeter -
provides an integrated long-
duration (example 6 hour)
reading
 EHS maintains record of noise
sampling
Sound Level Dosimeter
 Audiometric Testing
 All University employees
included in the Hearing
Conservation Program must
undergo initial and annual
audiometric testing.
 Audiometric testing is required
by OSHA for any employees
exposed to excessive noise
 These tests, which are done by
trained technicians, are used to
gauge hearing loss in affected
employees and will be provided
at no cost to the employees.
 The initial test is used as a
baseline and the annual test is
used to determine if hearing
loss has occurred.
 Purpose of Audiometric Testing

 The purpose of Audiometric Testing is

to:
 Measure hearing by sending tones
to each ear through headphones.
 Show how one’s hearing compares
to normal hearing based on age.
 Determine whether hearing is being
conserved.
 Alert employee and employer for
noise, age or medical related
hearing loss.
 Audiometric Testing
Audiometric testing results
can be used to check the
following:
 If the hearing protection in
use is adequate,
 If there is a change in
noise exposure,
 If there is a medical
condition of the ear
unrelated to noise
exposure.
 How Does Audiometric Testing Work?

When you are first

hired, a baseline test is
taken.

The testing is repeated

every year after that
and compared to the
baseline test result.

If a hearing loss is
detected, you will be
referred to a doctor or
audiologist.
 Audiometric Testing
Audiometric testing produces
printed audiograms which
show hearing ability at
several pitches or
frequencies.
These frequencies include
those of the human voice.
The second and following
year tests are compared to
the first year tests or
baseline.
If there is hearing loss of 10 decibels or
more in the human voice frequencies, you
will be sent to the doctor or audiologist.
 What is an Audiogram?
An audiogram is a printed chart of the results of the
hearing test. They look similar to the results below.

Normal hearing Severe hearing loss

 Training

 Training is required for employees who

are exposed to noise at or above 8 hr
TWA of 85 dB.
 Topics must include:
 Effects of Noise on Hearing
 Purpose of Hearing Protectors
 Advantages and Disadvantages of
Different Types of Hearing Protectors
 Attenuation of Different Types of
Hearing Protectors
 Instructions on Selection, Fitting,
Use, and Care of Hearing Protectors
 Purpose of Audiometric Testing
 Employer Responsibility
 Employers are responsible for the
following:
 Provide occupational noise training.
 Provide hearing protection devices.
 Demonstrate commitment – wear hearing
protection devices, or PPE, when required.
 Enforce the use of PPE.
 Keep up to date with PPE selection and use.
 Encourage questions and resolve problems.
 Employee Responsibility
 Employees are responsible to:
 Understand the need for personal
protective equipment and audiometric
testing.
 Wear PPE and seek replacements when
needed.
 Encourage co-workers to wear PPE.
 Communicate problems to supervisors.
 Copies of the OSHA Standard
and Related Information

 WFU Hearing Conservation Policy

found at ehs.wfu.edu
 OSHA standard available in the EHS
office or online at:
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?
p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9735&p_text_version=FALSE

 OSHA Standard: 29 CFR 1910.95

 Questions and Assistance

 Please contact Environmental Health

and Safety at 758-7189 for
assistance with training, scheduling
audiometric testing, monitoring,
guidance on ways to minimize noise
exposures, or any other questions.
 Visit our web-site at http://ehs.wfu.edu