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Microprocessor and Assembly Language Lect 1: Prepared by

This document provides an overview of microprocessors and microcontrollers. It defines a microprocessor as a processor packaged as a single integrated circuit that requires external memory and peripheral chips. A microcontroller is similar but also includes memory, timers, analog-to-digital converters, and input/output ports on a single chip. Memory is organized into locations that can each hold a byte of data. Different memory types like RAM, ROM, DRAM and SRAM are discussed. The Von Neumann architecture that most computers use is outlined, involving a central processing unit, memory, and input/output devices connected by a system bus.

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79 views

Microprocessor and Assembly Language Lect 1: Prepared by

This document provides an overview of microprocessors and microcontrollers. It defines a microprocessor as a processor packaged as a single integrated circuit that requires external memory and peripheral chips. A microcontroller is similar but also includes memory, timers, analog-to-digital converters, and input/output ports on a single chip. Memory is organized into locations that can each hold a byte of data. Different memory types like RAM, ROM, DRAM and SRAM are discussed. The Von Neumann architecture that most computers use is outlined, involving a central processing unit, memory, and input/output devices connected by a system bus.

Uploaded by

rimsha
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Microprocessor

and Assembly Language


Lect 1

Prepared by :
Ustaz: Alzubair Hassan Abdallah
What is a microprocessor?

 • A processor is built from a large number of integrated circuits.


 • A microprocessor is a processor packaged as a single
Ic(chip).
 • A microcomputer is a computer that uses a microprocessor as
its CPU.
 • 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit microprocessor: refers to number of bits
manipulated in one operation.
 • It requires external memory to execute programs.
 • It cannot directly interface to I/O devices, peripheral
 chips are needed.
What is a Microcontroller?

• A microcontroller is a computer implemented on asingle chip.


• Everything a microprocessor has plus (for example):
– memory
– timer
– AD and DA converters(Analog-to-digital converter)
– memory controller
– parallel and serial ports
• We use the Motorola 68HC11, 8-bit microcontroller.
• Microcontrollers are used mainly for dedicated applications in
embedded systems (appliances,mechanical/electrical control).
Memory

 • Memory is organized as a number of locations each of which


can hold the same size data value (usually a byte). Often
consecutive bytes form words (2 bytes),double words (4 bytes)
etc.
 • Each location has a unique address. A 16-bit address allows
for 65,636 (64K) memory locations.
 • Don't confuse the address space of the computer (the number
of unique addresses) with the amount of actual memory.
 • A transfer of data from memory is a read. A transfer of data to
memory is a write.
Memory Types

 Semiconductor memory
 Random-access memory (RAM): same amount of time is required to access
any location on the same chip
 Read-only memory (ROM): can only be read but not written by the processor

 Random-access memory
 - Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM): periodic refresh is required to
maintain the contents of a DRAM chip
 - Static random-access memory (SRAM): no periodic refresh is required
 Read-only memory
 - Mask-programmed read-only memory (MROM): programmed when being
manufactured
 - Programmable read-only memory (PROM): the memory chip can be
programmed by the end user
Computer Architecture :

 The basic operational design of a computer


system is called its architecture .
 John Von Neumann, a pioneer in computer
design, is given credit for the architecture of
most computers in use today .
 For example, the 80x86 family uses the Von
Neumann architecture (VNA) or Princeton
architecture
What is a Computer?

 Central Processing Unit (CPU)


– Executes the programs
 Primary Memory
– Stores programs and data
 Input/Output Devices
– Allow CPU to communicate with external
hardware
 System Bus
– Connects everything together
– Address, Data, Control signals
What is computer :

Memory I/O
Processor

Data Bus

Address Bus

Control Bus
The System Bus

 The system bus connects the various components of a VNA


machine.
 The 80x86 family has three major busses: the address bus, the
data bus, and the control bus. A bus is a collection of wires on
which electrical signals pass between components in the
system.
 These busses vary from processor to processor. However,
each bus carries comparable information on all processors;
e.g., the data bus may have a different implementation on the
80386 than on the 8088, but both carry data between the
processor, I/O, and memory
The Data Bus

 The 80x86 processors use the data bus to


shuffle data between the various
components in a computer system. The size
of this bus varies widely in the 80x86 family.
Indeed, this bus defines the “size” of the
processor
Evolution micro-processor

The digital circuits and systems can be broken


into:
 Combinational Circuits
 Sequential Circuits
Internal Architecture

 The architecture of 8086 provides a number of


improvements over 8085 architecture. It supports a
16-bit ALU, a set of 16-bit registers and provides
segmented memory addressing capability, a rich
instruction set, powerful interrupt structure, fetched
instruction queue for overlapped fetching and
execution etc.
 The internal block diagram, shown in Figure 2.1,
describes the overall organization of different units
inside the chip.
Pin descriptions of 8086
 The microprocessor 8086 is a 16-bit CPU available in three
clock rates, i.e. 5, 8 and 10 MHz, packaged in a 40 pin
CERDIP or plastic package. The 8086 operates in single
processor or multiprocessor configurations to achieve high
performance. The pin configuration is shown in Figure 2.4.
 Some of the pins serve a particular function in minimum mode
(single processor mode) and others function in maximum
mod(multiprocessor mode) configuration.
 The 8086 signals can be categorised in three groups. The first
are the signals having common functions in minimum as well as
maximum mode, the second are the signals which have special
functions for minimum mode and the third are the signals
having special functions for maximum mode.
The End

Questions?

17

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