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Introduction To Microprocessors

The document discusses the history and architecture of microprocessors. It explains that a microprocessor is an integrated circuit containing transistors that acts as the central processing unit of a computer. It then summarizes the evolution of microprocessors from early 4-bit designs like the Intel 4004 in 1971 to modern 64-bit designs. The document also provides details on the architecture of the 8085 microprocessor, including its registers, flags, and examples of assembly language programs.

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rimsha
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31 views

Introduction To Microprocessors

The document discusses the history and architecture of microprocessors. It explains that a microprocessor is an integrated circuit containing transistors that acts as the central processing unit of a computer. It then summarizes the evolution of microprocessors from early 4-bit designs like the Intel 4004 in 1971 to modern 64-bit designs. The document also provides details on the architecture of the 8085 microprocessor, including its registers, flags, and examples of assembly language programs.

Uploaded by

rimsha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Microprocessor and

Assembly Language
History of Microprocessor
 A microprocessor (sometimes abbreviated
µP) is a digital electronic component with
transistors on a single semiconductor
integrated circuit (IC).
 A Central processing unit (CPU) in a
computer system or handheld device
consists of one or more microprocessors.
 A Microprocessor is essentially a set of
switches. Using photographic technology a
massive set of electronic switches is
superimposed onto a very small piece of
silicon.
 Through the use of binary language, which
consists of only two states; one and zero (on
and off), these can be used to store
information and perform operations on it.
 A bit refers to one binary digit; a zero or one. In
computer memory and processing this refers to
the state of one switch. The transistors are
arranged into groups in order to represent
complex numbers and instructions
 The very first microprocessor is considered to
be the Intel 4004. It was released in 1971 and
was a 4 Bit processor.
 Then the 8 bit 8008 microprocessor. It was
developed by Intel in 1972
 The first multi-chip 16 bit processor was
released by National Semiconductor in 1973
 Intel upgraded the 8008 into a 16 bit version
they called the 8086. It was the first of the
x86 family by which many modern PCs are
powered.
 32 bit designs didn't require much to improve
performance since it has double the size of
instructions as well as the amount of
addressable memory.
 68000 by Motorola was one of the first
microprocessors developed to 32 bit
architectures. It was released in 1979 and
continued to be in use today.
 Most of today's computers are turning to 64
bit designs to handle dealing with very large
amounts of data. This is needed especially as
demand for 3D Graphics and fast video has
risen. E.g. AMD Athlon, Pentium i5/i7
processors.
 Microprocessors are classified into different types on the basis of the
bit of operation. Based on bit of operation at a time, the following are
the types of microprocessors:
 ==> 4 bit. e.g. Intel 4004
 ==> 8 bit. e.g. Intel 8085, 8088, Zilog Z80, Z180
 ==> 16 bit. e.g. Intel 8086, 80186, 80286, 80386,
 ==> 32 bit. e.g. Intel Pentium, Celeron, AMD Sempron
 ==> 64 bit. e.g. AMD Athlon.

 Based on the instruction set microprocessors are classified into:


 RISC — Reduced Instruction Set Computing. These types of
processors are commonly used in ovens, air conditioners, etc.
 CISC — Complex Instruction Set Computing. The types of
processors are used in desktops, laptops and servers.
Microcomputer Block Diagram
Basic Block Diagram of
Microprocessor

ALU – Performs all


arithmetic and logical
Arithmetic Register operations
and Logic Array
Unit (ALU) Register array – Holds the
data temporarily for
processing
Control Unit – It supervises/
Timing and Control monitors all the operations
unit
carried out in the computer
The 8085 Microprocessor
 The 8085 microprocessor was introduced by
Intel in the year 1976.
 This microprocessor is an update of 8080
microprocessor. The 8080 processor was
updated with Enable/Disable instruction pins
and Interrupt pins to form the 8085
microprocessor.
 It is an 8-bit microprocessor with a 40 pin
dual in line package
Pin Diagram of a Basic
8085 Microprocessor
Intel 8085 Microprocessor
Architecture
8-bit_Internal_databus

Accumulator Temp. Flag Instruction B C


Reg Reg Reg

D E

H L
Arithmetic and
Logic Unit Stack Pointer
Instruction
decoder
Program Counter

Incrementer/ Decrementer
Address latch

Address Buffer A8-A15 Data/address Buffer


AD0-AD7
Timing and Control unit

8- bit External
Data bus

Clock Write Read


RAM memory
The 8085 has a set of registers for performing various
operations. The various registers include:
 Accumulator – 8 bit register which holds the latest result from ALU

 B, C, D, E, H and L are general purpose registers

 HL pair can be used for indirect addressing as well

 Program counter – 16 bit register which holds the address of the next
instruction to be executed

 Instruction register – It holds the instruction that is currently being processed.

 Stack pointer is used during subroutine calling and execution.

 Address Latch – It increments/ decrements the address before sent to the


address buffer
Various Flags
 Sign Flag:If the result of the latest arithmetic operation is having MSB (most-
significant byte) ‘1’ (meaning it is a negative number), then the sign flag is set.
Otherwise, it is reset to ‘0’ which means it is a positive number.

 Zero flag: If the result of the latest operation is zero, then zero flag will be set;
otherwise it be reset.

 Auxiliary Carry Flag: This flag is not accessible to programmer. This flag will
be used by the system during BCD (binary-coded decimal) operations.

 Parity Flag: If the result of the latest operation is having even number of ‘1’s,
then this flag will be set. Otherwise this will be reset to ‘0’. This is used for error
checking.

 Carry Flag: If the result of the latest operations exceeds 8-bits then this flag will
be set. Otherwise it be reset.
An example assembly
language program

Address Instruction

202A MVI A, 21 ;Copies 21 into accumulator


202C MVI B, 2A ;Copies 2A into B register
202E ADD B ;Adds B reg content with Acc and
stores the result in Acc.
202F STA 41 FF ; Stores the Acc (the sum) into
the memory location 41 FF.
2032 HLT ; Stops the program
Memory storage of the Assembly
language

Address Instruction/Data

202A MVI A,
202B 21
202C MVI B,
202D 2A
202E ADD B
202F STA
2030 FF
2031 41
2032 HLT
Another example assembly
language program

Address Instruction

2020 MVI B, 24 ;Copies 24 into accumulator


2022 INR B ;Increment B reg content by 1
2023 MOV A, B ;Copies B register into Acc.
2024 SUB B ;Subtracts B reg content from
Acc and stores the result in Acc.
2025 STA 5F FF ; Stores the Acc content into
the memory location 5F FF.
2028 HLT ; Stops the program
Reference:
 http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/electric
al/articles/51225.aspx

 http://www.cpu-world.com/Arch/8085.html

 http://www.ehow.com/way_5230222_8085-
microprocessor-tutorial.html

 http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/electric
al/articles/51225.aspx

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