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The document summarizes the key extraembryonic membranes - amnion, yolk sac, chorion, and allantois. It describes their formation, structure, and main functions in protecting the embryo and facilitating nutrient/waste exchange between the embryo and mother via the placenta. The amnion forms an amniotic sac surrounding the embryo. The yolk sac contributes to blood and gut formation early on. The chorion participates in placental formation via villi. The allantois develops blood vessels that form the umbilical circulation to the placenta.

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51 views

Selaput Embrio

The document summarizes the key extraembryonic membranes - amnion, yolk sac, chorion, and allantois. It describes their formation, structure, and main functions in protecting the embryo and facilitating nutrient/waste exchange between the embryo and mother via the placenta. The amnion forms an amniotic sac surrounding the embryo. The yolk sac contributes to blood and gut formation early on. The chorion participates in placental formation via villi. The allantois develops blood vessels that form the umbilical circulation to the placenta.

Uploaded by

Martupa Sidabutar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Selaput Ekstra

Embrional
Extraembryonic Membranes
• Adaptasi embrional
• Kantong yolk (yolk sac)
• Amnion (amnion)
• Khorion (chorion)
• Allantois (allantois)
Relationship between the embryo and the
mother
 One of the most characteristic features of human embryonic
development is the intimate relationship between the embryo and
the mother.
 To survive and grow during intrauterine life, the embryo must
maintain an essentially parasitic relationship with the body of the
mother for acquiring oxygen and nutrients and eliminating wastes.
 It must also avoid being rejected as a foreign body by the immune
system of its maternal host.
 These exacting requirements are met by the placenta and
extraembryonic membranes that surround the embryo and serve as
the interface between the embryo and the mother.
Extraembryonic Membranes
• The extraembryonic/fetal membranes are structures
that develop from zygote but do not form any part of
the embryo proper.
• The many intraembryonic events are forming organs and
tissues of the embryo.
• A number of extraembryonic structures develop as well.
These are called extraembryonic membranes, which are
amnion, yolk sac, allantois, chorion
placenta and umbilical cord
Fetal membranes
Function
• Responsible for protection, respiration,
excretion, and nutrition of embryo and fetus.
• At birth, placenta, umbilical cord, and other
extraembryonic membranes are separate from
the fetus and expelled from uterus as an after
birth.
1. Amnion
• It is a thin extraembryonic membrane that loosely envelops the
embryo forming an amniotic sac that is filled with the amniotic
fluid.
• The amniotic sac is lined by ectodermal cells of inner cell mass and
amniogenic cells of trophoblast.
• As the amniotic sac enlarges during the late embryonic period
(at about 8 weeks) due to collection of more amniotic fluid within it,
the amnion gradually surrounds the whole embryo.
• Amnion consists of two layers:
1. An outer layer made up of somatopleuric layer of
extraembryonic membrane
2. An inner layer made up of amniogenic cells.
Amniotic Fluid
• It is a clear, watery fluid containing salt, sugar, urea, and
proteins.
• It is derived from:
A. Amniotic cells by filtration or secretion
B. Fetal urine when kidneys start functioning
C. Secretion of lung cells
D. Secretion by placenta
• Constituents of Amniotic Fluid :
1. Metabolites and hormones (HCG= hormon chorionic
gonadotrophin)
2. Cells that are sloughed off from fetal lungs,
placenta, and amniotic sac (all these cells have same
genetic composition)
3. Fetal urine
Functions of the Amniotic Fluid
1. It permits symmetrical development and growth.
2. It provides a water-cushion to protect the developing
embryo and fetus from jolts that the mother may
receive.
3. It helps to maintain a consistent pressure and
temperature.
4. It allows free fetal movements—an important
prerequisite for musculoskeletal development and
blood flow
5. It forms hydrostatic bag (bag of waters) that helps in
dilatation of the cervix at the beginning of the labor
(child birth)
amnion
Normal amount of fluid
at full-term is 700–1000 ml

air ketuban

yolk sac

chorion

7-week-old human embryo surrounded by its amnion


2. Yolk Sac
o The yolk sac is an endodermal sac lying ventral to the
embryonic disc
o It is a vestigial structure in humans with hardly any
nutritive yolk inside it
o The yolk sac develops from the cavity of blastocyst
(blastocel) and passes through following three stages of
development
Primary yolk sac
o The cavity of blastocyst is converted into primary yolk
sac when it is lined by flattened cells derived from
endoderm of embryoblast (or trophoblast).
o This lining formed of flattened cells is called Heuser’s
membrane.
o It is attached to the undersurface of the embryonic disc.
o The primary yolk sac is formed at the end of the second
week.
Secondary yolk sac
• With the appearance of extraembryonic
celom, the primary yolk sac becomes smaller
and is termed secondary yolk sac.
• The cells lining the yolk sac becomes
cuboidal.
Tertiary yolk sac
or definitive yolk sac
• It is a remnant of the secondary yolk sac.
• As embryo folds, it takes up most of the yolk sac inside the
body of the embryo to form primitive gut.
• The portion of yolk sac not taken up inside the body of the
embryo is termed tertiary/definitive yolk sac.
• It communicates with the midgut via vitellointestinal duct.
Functions of Yolk Sac
1. Hemopoiesis:
It produces blood for the embryo until the liver is
formed during the sixth week.
2. Formation of primitive gut:
Its dorsal portion forms the primitive gut.
3. Formation of primordial germ cells:
The primordial germ cells form from the wall of the
yolk sac and migrate to the developing gonads during
the fourth week, where they form primitive germ cells
(spermatogonia or oogonia)
4. Formation of allantois:
A small diverticulum that arises from the caudal part of
the yolk sac.
3. Chorion
• It is a highly specialized extraembryonic membrane that
participates in the formation of the placenta.
• It is formed by the somatopleuric layer of extraembryonic
mesoderm and trophoblast.
• Numerous small fingerlike projections arise from its surface
called villi.
Stages in the formation of a chorionic villus

Starting with a cytotrophoblastic clump at the far left and progressing over time to an
anchoring villus at right
Human embryos showing
the relationships of the chorion
and other extraembryonic
membranes
Relationships between the embryo and maternal decidua (pink) from
the early weeks of pregnancy through the fifth month
4. Allantois
(Allantoenteric Diverticulum)
• It is a small diverticulum that arises from the caudal part of
the yolk sac during the third week.
• The allantois arises as an endodermally lined ventral
outpocketing of the hindgut.
• It develops and grows into the connecting stalk.
• The allantois proper, which consists of little more than a cord
of endodermal cells, is embedded in the umbilical cord.
• Later in development, the proximal part of the allantois
(called the urachus) is continuous with the forming urinary
bladder.
• After birth, it becomes transformed into a dense fibrous cord
(median umbilical ligament), which runs from the urinary
bladder to the umbilical region.
Functions of Allantois
• In the human embryo, it is just a vestige of the large, saclike
structure that is used by the embryos of many mammals,
birds, and reptiles as a major respiratory organ and
repository for urinary wastes
• Similar to the yolk sac, the allantois in a human retains only a
secondary function, in this case respiration.
• In humans, this function is served by the blood vessels that
differentiate from the mesodermal wall of the allantois.
• These vessels form the umbilical circulatory arc, consisting of
the arteries and veins that supply the placenta.
A 6-week
embryo
•Terima kasih

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