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Session-22: The Binomial & Multinomial Coefficients

1. The binomial theorem provides a method for expanding binomial expressions of the form (x + y)n as a sum of terms involving x and y. Each term is of the nth degree and the exponents of x and y follow a pattern as n increases. 2. Pascal's triangle arranges the binomial coefficients that appear in the expansions. The numbers in each row give the coefficients for the expansion of (x + y)n. 3. The binomial coefficient C(n,r) can be calculated using the formula n!/(r!(n-r)!). This gives the number of combinations of choosing r items from n available items.

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119 views

Session-22: The Binomial & Multinomial Coefficients

1. The binomial theorem provides a method for expanding binomial expressions of the form (x + y)n as a sum of terms involving x and y. Each term is of the nth degree and the exponents of x and y follow a pattern as n increases. 2. Pascal's triangle arranges the binomial coefficients that appear in the expansions. The numbers in each row give the coefficients for the expansion of (x + y)n. 3. The binomial coefficient C(n,r) can be calculated using the formula n!/(r!(n-r)!). This gives the number of combinations of choosing r items from n available items.

Uploaded by

Nalam Ashika
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Session-22

The Binomial &


Multinomial
Coefficients
The binomial theorem provides a useful method for raising any
binomial to a nonnegative integral power.
Consider the patterns formed by expanding (x + y)n.
(x + y)0 = 1 1 term
(x + y)1 = x + y 2 terms
(x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2 3 terms
(x + y)3 = x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3 4 terms
(x + y)4 = x4 + 4x3y + 6x2y2 + 4xy3 + y4 5 terms
(x + y)5 = x5 + 5x4y + 10x3y2 + 10x2y3 + 5xy4 + y5 6 terms

Notice that each expansion has n + 1 terms.


Example: (x + y)10 will have 10 + 1, or 11 terms.

2
Consider the patterns formed by expanding (x + y)n.

(x + y)0 = 1
(x + y)1 = x + y
(x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2
(x + y)3 = x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3
(x + y)4 = x4 + 4x3y + 6x2y2 + 4xy3 + y4
(x + y)5 = x5 + 5x4y + 10x3y2 + 10x2y3 + 5xy4 + y5

1. The exponents on x decrease from n to 0.


The exponents on y increase from 0 to n.
2. Each term is of degree n.
Example: The 5th term of (x + y)10 is a term with x6y4.”
3
The triangular arrangement of numbers below is called Pascal’s
Triangle.
1 0th row
1 1 1st row
1+2=3 1 2 1 2nd row
1 3 3 1 3rd row
6 + 4 = 10 1 4 6 4 1 4th row
1 5 10 10 5 1 5th row

Each number in the interior of the triangle is the sum of the two
numbers immediately above it.
The numbers in the nth row of Pascal’s Triangle are the binomial
coefficients for (x + y)n .
4
Example: Use Pascal’s Triangle to expand (2a + b)4.

1 0th row
1 1 1st row
1 2 1 2nd row
1 3 3 1 3rd row
1 4 6 4 1 4th row

(2a + b)4 = 1(2a)4 + 4(2a)3b + 6(2a)2b2 + 4(2a)b3 + 1b4


= 1(16a4) + 4(8a3)b + 6(4a2b2) + 4(2a)b3 + b4
= 16a4 + 32a3b + 24a2b2 + 8ab3 + b4

5
The symbol n! (n factorial) denotes the product of the first n
positive integers. 0! is defined to be 1.
1! = 1
4! = 4 3 2 1 = 24
• • •

6! = 6 5 4 3 2 1 = 720
• • • • •

n! = n(n – 1)(n – 2)  3 2 1 • •

Formula for Binomial Coefficients For all nonnegative


integers n and r, n!
n Cr 
( n  r )!r !
7! 7! 7
Example: 7 C3   
(7  3)! • 3! 4! • 3! 4! • 3!
(7 • 6 • 5 • 4) • (3 • 2 • 1) 7 • 6 • 5 • 4
   35
( 4 • 3 • 2 • 1) • (3 • 2 • 1) 4 • 3 • 2 • 1
6
Example: Use the formula to calculate the binomial coefficients
C , C , 12 and  50 .
10 5 10 0
   
1  48 

10! 10! (10 • 9 • 8 • 7 • 6) • 5! 10 • 9 • 8 • 7 • 6


10 C5      252
(10  5)! • 5! 5! • 5! 5! • 5! 5 • 4 • 3• 2 •1

10! 10! 1! 1
10 C 0     1
(10  0)! 0! 10! 0! 0! 1
• •

 50  50! 50! (50 • 49) • 48! 50 • 49


       1225
 48  (50  48)! • 48! 2! 48!
• 2! 48!
• 2 1•

12  12! 12! 12 • 11! 12


       12
1  (12  1)! • 1! 1! 1! 11! 1!
• • 1

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