COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS & COMSCI 1200

PROGRAMMING
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Computer Organization
1.1.1 Computer History
1.1.2 Computer System and its components
1.1.3 Computer Organization Concepts
COMPUTER HISTORY Introduction – Computer
Organization
EARLIEST COMPUTING TOOLS
• Sand Tables
– known to be the earliest device for computation
– consists of three groves in the sand with a maximum of 10
pebbles in each groove
• Abacus
– derived from the Arabic word ‘abaq’ which means ‘dust’
– consists of sliding beads arranged on a rack which has two
parts: upper part and lower part
EARLIEST COMPUTING TOOLS
• Napier Bones
– small instrument made of 10 rods on which multiplication
table was engraved
– enabled to perform multiplication and division
• Slide Ruler
– jointly devised by Edmund Gunter & William Oughtred
– based on the principle that actual distances from the starting
point of the rule is directly proportional to the logarithm of
numbers printed on the rule
Sand Tables Abacus Napier Bones
SLIDE RULE
 COMPUTER GENERATIONS
Through the decades, as early as the abacus to the modern computers
nowadays
the computer is continuously and rapidly evolving
reaching unimaginable heights of innovations in technologies.
This fast computer development is divided into generations which are
characterized by remarkable improvements from the previous generations.
 ZEROTH GENERATION-MECHANICAL ERA
Blaise Pascal
 In 1642 a French mathematician, scientist and philosopher, invented the first functional
automatic calculator called Pascaline.
 Pascaline, also called Arithmetic Machine
 the first calculator or adding machine to be produced in any quantity and actually used.
 It could only do addition and subtraction, with numbers being entered by manipulating its
dials.
 ZEROTH GENERATION-MECHANICAL ERA
Gottfried Wilhem von Leibniz
 In 1694, a German mathematician extended the Pascal's design to perform multiplication and division
and to find square root.
 This machine is known as Stepped Reckoner.
 It was the first calculator that could perform all four arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division.
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
• Zeroth Generation
 Joseph Marie Jacquard
He invented a loom that used punch cards to control
patterns into woven cloth (1801)
 Charles Babbage
Father of Modern Computer
Difference Engine: used to computer table of numbers using
naval navigation and can only add & subtract
Analytical Engine: general purpose machine
Difference Engine
Analytical Engine
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
• Zeroth Generation
Herman Hollerith
Invented one of the first commercial machine which used
punch card to tabulate and process the data collected
 Howard Aiken
He led the designing of MARK I (1937); improved
Babbage’s machine; His machine was considered the first
electronic machine using thousands of relays.
Holleriths Tabulating Machine MARK I
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
Electronic Era of Computers
• First
Generation: Vacuum Tubes (Late 1930s – Early 1940s)
 AB Computer (Atasoft Berry Computer)
First electronic computing machine, which introduced the idea
of binary arithmetic, regenerative memory and logic circuits
Colossus
World’s first electronic digital computer used to decode
intercepted message
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
• First
Generation: Vacuum Tubes (Late 1930s – Early 1940s)
 John von Neumann
Developed a concept of storing a program in memory.
 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
Developed for calculating artillery firing tables
 EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)
First electronic computer to use stored program concept
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
• First
Generation: Vacuum Tubes (Late 1930s – Early 1940s)
 EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer)
Machine to run the first successful program
 UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
First commercially available computer
First general-purpose computer which was designed to
handle both numeric and textual information
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
• SecondGeneration: Transistors (1940s – Early 1960s)
 Transistor
Was invented at Bell Labs in 1947 but did not see
widespread use in computers until the late 1950s
 Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary
machine language to symbolic or assembly language which
allowed programmers to specify instructions in words
 One of the major developments in this generation includes the
progress of machine language to assembly language.
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
• Third Generation: Integrated Circuits (1960s – 1970s)
 Integrated Circuits
Was the hallmark of the third generation of computers
 The technology allowed dozens of transistors to be mounted on a
single chip together with other electronic components.
 This generation started the use of semiconductor memories,
microprocessors and multiprogramming.
 Another development was the use of an operating system that
allowed machines to run many different programs at once with a
central program that monitors and coordinates computer’s
memory
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
• Third Generation: Integrated Circuits (1960s – 1970s)
 IBM System/360 series
Family of computers and their peripherals which are
mutually compatible and all worked together
 PDP 8
Developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
The first commercially successful minicomputer
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
• Fourth Generation: Microprocessors (Early 1970s – Present)
 Microprocessor
Built onto a single piece of silicon, known as chip; about 0.5
cm long and not more than 0.05cm thick
 Large Scale Integration (LSI)
Approximately 180 transistors
 Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI)
Approximately 275,000 transistors
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
• Fourth Generation: Microprocessors (Early 1970s – Present)
 Altair 8800 (1975)
Developed by MITS (Mirco Instrumentation Telemetry
Systems)
One of the first microcomputers
 Apple II
One of the first highly successful mass-produced
microcomputer products
Designed by Steve Wozniak of Apple Computer
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
• Fourth Generation: Microprocessors (Early 1970s – Present)
 CRAY I
A supercomputer designed, manufactured and marketed by
Cray Research
 Apple Lisa (1983)
‘Lisa’ stood for ‘Local Integrated Software Architecture’
First commercial personal computer to use graphical user
interface with 1MB RAM, 12 inch black monitor, 2 5 ¼
floppy disk driver, 5MB of profile hard drive and used
Motorola 680000 microprocessor
COMPUTER GENERATIONS
• Fifth Generation: Artificial Intelligence (Present and Beyond)
 Mega Chips
Computers will use Super Large-Scale Integrated chips
 Parallel Processing
Computers will use multiple processors and perform parallel
processing thereby accessing several instructions at one time and
working at the same time
 Artificial Intelligence (AI)
A series of related technologies that tries to simulate and
reproduce human behavior including thinking, speaking,
reasoning.
COMPUTER SYSTEMS & ITS Introduction – Computer

COMPONENTS Organization
COMPUTER SYSTEM
• Computer System
– defined as general purpose information processing machine
used to troubleshoot various problems related to data
processing
– allows users to input, manipulate and store data
– a basic, complete and functional computer
COMPUTER SYSTEM COMPONENTS
• Two main components:
• Hardware
– tangible parts
• Software
– intangible parts: data and programs
COMPUTER SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Applications
MS Office Etc
User Programs

Utilities
Shell Editor Compiler File System
Software Operating System
Scheduler Memory Manager I/O System Protection

Main
Peripherals CPU
Memory
Hardware
Secondary
Memory
COMPUTER HARDWARE
• Computer Hardware
– physical machine, consisting of mechanical parts and
electronic circuits
Several major units:
– Central Processing Unit (CPU)
– Main Memory (RAM)
– Secondary Memory
– Peripherals (I/O devices)
COMPUTER HARDWARE
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
– defined as the major component of a computer
– also known as the ‘processor’ or the “electronic brain” of the
computer
– consist of the electronic circuits which are necessary to
perform a variety of operations on the data
COMPUTER HARDWARE
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Major components:
• Arithmetic Logic Unit
• Control Unit
• Registers
COMPUTER HARDWARE
• Main Memory (RAM)
– where data and numerous programs are currently being
executed by the CPU are stored
– contents are both temporary and volatile
– contains operating system program, application program
currently in used and the data that is being processed when
the computer is in use
COMPUTER HARDWARE
• Secondary Memory
– provides stable storage for both programs and data in
longer period of time
– often referred to as the disk

Disk drives
– are also known as mass storage device because of their
capacity to store relatively large amount of data and many
programs.
COMPUTER HARDWARE
• Peripherals (Input/Output Devices)
– used in getting and displaying information
Classifications:
Input Output
– Keyboards – Printings/Plotters
– Pointing Devices – Monitors
– Sensors
– Remote Control
– Card Readers
BASIC COMPUTER HARDWARE OPERATIONS
• The hardware composing a computer can be divided into
categories:
• Input
• Storage
• Processing
• Output
COMPUTER SYSTEM
• Units that implement the ISPO function:
• Input Unit
– inputs the data and programs for computer processing
• Storage Unit
– stores the input data and programs
• Processing Unit
– conducts calculations on the input data and controls input
unit, storage unit and output unit
• Output Unit
– output the result of computer processing in a certain format
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
• Computer Software
– set of computer programs and algorithms that tells the
computer what to do and how to do it.
Three categories:
– System Software
– Programming Software
– Application Software