Topic :

OPERASI SEMBURAN
DALAM KAWALAN
MALARIA

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PENGENALAN
Global Malaria Control Interventions
WHO’s Global Malaria Programme recommends the
following 3 primary interventions that must be scaled up in
countries to effectively respond to malaria, towards
achieving the Millenium Development Goals for malaria by
2015:
• diagnosis of malaria cases and treatment with effective
medicines;
• distribution of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) to
achieve full coverage of populations at risk of malaria; and
• indoor residual spraying (IRS) as a major means of
malaria vector control to reduce and eliminate malaria
transmission including, where indicated, the use of DDT.
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Major challenges for achieving current
global malaria control goals
•To scale up access and achieving high
coverage of these effective
interventions (detection/treatment,
IRS
•To sustain their (interventions)
implementation.

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 Kitaran Hidup Plasmodium sp. (Protozoa)

Bursting cyst
Perumah Oocyst Salivary
Midgut
Definitif Sporozoites Gland
(Vektor) Macrogamete
Ookinete
Zygote Sporogonic cycle
(7-30 days)

Microgamete Gonothropic cycle

Hisap Hisap
darah (2-3 days) darah
Human Skin Human Skin
Gametocyte
Perumah Erythrocytic cycle Hepatic Cell
Hypnozoite
Perantara (48-72 hrs)
(Hepatic
P.v
Erythrocyte Merozoites
(Manusia) Dormancy)
P.o

Erythrocyte (5-15 days)

Ruptured Erythrocyte Mature Liver Schizont
Erythrocytic Schizont Exo-erythrocytic
Trophozoite
cycle (5-15 days)
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RESIDUAL SPRAYING:-
Defined as the application of an insecticide
having the property of a long residual effect
on the sprayed surfaces (on the wall, the
furniture, etc.)
Objective:
To kill adult female mosquitoes resting
indoor (contact with the insecticide on the
sprayed surface)

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The primary effects of IRS are:
i. to reduce the life span (longevity) of
vector mosquitoes so that they can no
longer transmit malaria parasites from
one person to another;
ii. to reduce the density of the vector
mosquitoes therefore reduce man-vector
contact.

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 Riwayat hidup seekor nyamuk anopheles betina selepas menghisap
darah pesakit malaria (sudah ada gametosit dalam darah)

IRS & ITNs

Non-infective Infected Infective
female female mosquito (if
mosquito mosquito not kills)

Taking Blood Meals every 3-4 days (gonothropic cycle)

Day 1 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32

Sporogonic cycle = 7-30 days

(period to become infective)

Selepas menghisap darah pesakit malaria, nyamuk anopheles betina akan

menjadi infektif dalam masa 7-30 hari (sporogonic cycle) TETAPI dalam
tempoh tersebut, nyamuk betina tersebut akan menghisap darah berulang
kali, setiap 3-4 hari (gonothropic cycle).

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Indoor Residual
Spraying (IRS)
• Regular Spraying
• Focal Spraying

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 REGULAR SPRAYING

 DIMANA
 DI SEMUA LOKALITI DALAM KAWASAN
MERAH
 KAWASAN SIMPADAN ( BUFFER ZONE )
 KAWASAN VULNERABLE DIMANA
JANGKITAN MUNGKIN AKANBERLAKU;

SEPERTI: Ladang Kelapa Sawit

Kem Kayu Balak

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 SEMBURAN FOKAL

 DIMANA DAN BILA

 DIMANA-MANA LOKALITI APABILA

BERLAKU KES

 DIKAWASAN DIMANA JANGKITAN MUNGKIN

AKAN BERLAKU

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FOR SPRAYING TO BE EFFECTIVE

 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
 TO – TOTAL COVERAGE
* ALL LOCALITIES, ALL STRUCTURES HOUSES, HUTS,
ANIMAL PENS
 CO - COMPLETE COVERAGE
* ALL SPRAYABLE SURFACES
 SU – SUFFICIENT DOSAGE
* 20MG/M2

 RE – REGULAR INTERVAL

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 HOW TO ACHIEVE

1. TOTAL COVERAGE
- SPRAYING ITERNARY
- UPDATED GR
- KAMPUNG CENSUS

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 HOW TO ACHIEVE
2. COMPLETE COVERAGE
- ALL SPRAYABLE SURFACES
(i) DINDING
(ii) PINTU DAN TINGKAP
(iii) SILING DAN ATAP
(iv) SADAU
(v) TEPI DAN BAWAH PERABUT
(vi) BAWAH LANTAI
(vii) STOR PADI

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 HOW TO ACHIEVE
3. SUFFICIENT DOSAGE = 20 mg/m2
- BANCUHAN RACUN
1 SACHET = 7500ML (7.5L)
- KADAR DISHARGE UNTUK HSS 8002 T-
JET = 40 ml / sq. m atau 757 ml/min
- MAINTAIN PUMP PRESSURE AT 50 – 25
psi
- JARAK NOZZLE TIP DARI PERMUKAAN
DINDING = 18” ATAU 45 CM
- RIGHT TIMING
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 BANCUHAN RACUN

 AMBIL 1 SACHET K-OTHRINE

 ISI BALDI / SPRAYCAN SEHINGGA 7500ml

 TUANG RACUN KE DALAM BALDI /

SPRAYCAN
 KACAU SEHINGGA SEBATI

MUSTAHAK:
BALDI / SPRAYCAN DITANDA SETAKAT
7500ml atau 7.5 L

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 BAGAIMANA UJI NOZZLE TIP

 ISI AIR SPRAYCAN DENGAN 7.5l AIR

 PUMP SEHINGGA 55 psi
 RELEASE KE DALAM SILINDER PENYUKAT
 AMBIL BACAAN
 ULANG 3 KALI TANPA MENGEPAM
 AMBIL BACAAN PURATA
 JIKA BACAAN KURANG DARI 757ml ATAU
LEBIH DARI 900 ml, NOZZLE TIP TERSEBUT
HENDAKLAH DIBUANG

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TEKANAN DALAM SPRAYCAN

 SENTIASA DI 55 – 25 PSI
 JANGAN PUMP MELEBIHI 55 PSI
 JIKA TIADA PRESSURE GAUGE PUMP
SEHINGGA 50 STROKE

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 KELAJUAN/ RHYTHM

 KELAJUAN 757 ml / min ATAU

40ml / m2
 19 m2 dalam 1 minit

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 REGULAR INTERVAL
APABILA PUSINGAN YANG
DIKEHENDAKI UNTUK
MERENCAT TRANSMISSI
DIKEKALKAN PADA 6 JARAK
BULAN

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Prinsip IRS dalam kawalan
vektor malaria

Bunuh nyamuk
betina yg infektif Impact
Impact (Objective)

Bunuh nyamuk
betina dewasa
Kawal punca Impact
jangkitan

Kepadatan
Punca nyamuk dewasa
jangkitan
baru
Impact
KAWAL/CEGAH
JANGKITAN Man-vector
contact
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Pengiraan:
Semburan residu
(IRS)

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IRS:
Pengiraan pencapaian dosage (mg/m2) untuk rumah:
Purata keluasan permukaan rumah yg digunapakai bagi tujuan
pengiraan dosage bagi Negeri S’wak = 160m2
Jika 20 buah rumah disembur “complete” (X) & 10 buah “partial”( )
maka jumlah keluasan permukaan yang disembur ialah:
20 x 160m2 = 3200m2
10 x 80m2 = 800m2, Jumlah = (3200+800)m2 = 4000m2
Jika 25 sachet K-Othrine WP5.0% (1 sachet = 75g) digunakan untuk
semburan ini, maka jumlah ialah:
(25 x 75g) = 1875g
Active ingredient (a.i) dalam 750g formulasi K-Othrine WP5.0%
(50g/kg @ 50/1000g = 0.05g) ialah:
1875 x 0.05 = (93.75 x 1000)mg = 93750mg
Dosage dicapai = 93750/4000 = 23.4 mg/m2
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IRS:
Pengiraan dosage (gm/m2) untuk pondok:
Purata keluasan permukaan pondok yang ditetapkan bagi tujuan
pengiraan dosage bagi Negeri S’wak = 60m2
Jika 50 buah pondok disembur, maka jumlah keluasan permukaan
yang disembur ialah:
50 x 60m2 = 3000m2
Jika 16 sachet K-Othrine WP50 (1 sachet = 75g) digunakan untuk
semburan ini, maka jumlah ialah:
(16 x 75g) = 1200g
Active ingredient (a.i) dalam 1200g formulasi K-Othrine WP5.0%
(50/1000) ialah:
1200 x 0.05 = (60 x 1000)mg = 60000mg
Dosage dicapai = 60000/3000 = 20mg/m2

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 REGULAR SPRAYING
 PREPARATION BEFORE SPRAYING
* TEAM LEADER
* PREPARE SPRAYING ITERNARY
at least 2 week before spraying start
* TEST AND REPAIR SPRAYCAN

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 Regular spraying
 TRAINING OF SPRAYMAN (PRA)
esp. if new sprayman are hired
- theory of spraying and practical
session
 PREPARATION OF LOGISTIC
-Transport
- Order bucket/pail, hand towel, pencil,
etc

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 Regular spraying
 DUTIES
OF TEAM LEADER BEFORE
SPRAYING OPS.
- PREPARE SPRAYING ITERNARY
USING FORMAT A1a
• BILANGAN RUMAH, BILANGAN PENDUDUK, BILANGAN
PONDOK, AMAUN RACUN DSB
- CHECK AND REPAIR SPRAYCAN
- BOOK TRANSPORT
- ORDER STATONARIES
- TRAINING OF SPRAYMAN
- MAKE SURE THERE IS ENOUGH SUPPLY
OF INSECTICIDES
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 Regular spraying
 DUTIES
OF TEAM LEADER DURING
SPRAYING OPS.
- UPDATE GR
- INFORM HOUSE OCCUPANT
- ENSURE SPRAYING IS TOTAL,
COMPLETE
- SIGN HOUSE CARD
- ENSURE THAT SPRAYCAN ARE CLEANED
- PREPARE REPORT

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 Regular Spraying
 DUTIES
OF TEAM LEADER AT
STATION
- COMPILE REPORTAND SUBMIT TO
PPKP INCHARGE
- REPLENISH SUPPLIES, SPARE
PARTS

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 Spraying operation
 WHAT A TEAM LEADER MUST HAVE:
- SECTOR MAP
- INHABITANT LIST
- BORANG-BORANG
* H.373 Rev. 4 Spraying report
* H.Bib Census and Spraying Record
* House Cards
* Sprayman Book
- COMPASS
- TOOL BOX FOR SPRAYCAN
SPAREPARTS AND TOOLS
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 Regular Spraying
 DUTIES OF SPRAYMAN
- AT STATION
* Check sprycan, repair if necessary
* Help check T-jet discharge

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 Duties of sprayman
 IN THE FIELD
- Clean and check spraycan
- Enter house, explain purpose of visit.
Help house hold prepare for spraying
- Carry out spraying
- Record spraying result in SMCP-4 -
Sprayman book – Complete = X
Partial =
Lock = L
Refused = R
Pantang = P

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 Duties of Sprayman
 Enter result of spraying in House card
 Sign house Card
 Submit Sprayman Book to Team Leader

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