RANDOM SAMPLING

 The total set of observations that can be made is

called the population.
 A sample is a set of observations drawn from a
population.
 A sampling method is a procedure for selecting
sample elements from a population.
 A random sampling is a sampling method totally
by chance, with no predictable relationship to any
other number.

RANDOM SAMPLING
DEFINITIONS
RANDOM SAMPLING
TYPES OF RANDOM

SAMPLING

Simple Random Sampling

Stratified Sampling
Cluster Sampling
RANDOM SAMPLING
Simple Random

An important benefit of simple random

sampling is that it allows researchers to use
statistical methods to analyze sample results.
For example, given a simple random sample,
researchers can use statistical methods to define
a confidence interval around a sample mean.
Statistical analysis is not appropriate when non-
random sampling methods are used.
RANDOM SAMPLING
Simple Random

Ex. Lottery Method

Each of the N population members is assigned

a unique number. The numbers are placed in a
bowl and thoroughly mixed. Then, a blind-
folded researcher selects n numbers. Population
members having the selected numbers are
included in the sample.
 RANDOM SAMPLING
Simple Random
Advantages Disadvantages
a. The ease of assembling the a. One of the most obvious
sample limitations of simple random
b. The only thing that can sampling method is its need of a
compromise its complete list of all the members
representativeness is luck. If the of the population.
sample is not representative of b. Please keep in mind that the
the population, the random list of the population must be
variation is called sampling error. complete and up-to-date. This list
c. An unbiased random selection is usually not available for large
and a representative sample is populations. In cases as such, it is
important in drawing conclusions wiser to use other sampling
from the results of a study. techniques.
RANDOM SAMPLING
Stratified Sampling

The researcher identifies the different types of

people that make up the target population and
works out the proportions needed for the
sample to be representative.

A list is made of each variable (e.g. IQ, sex

etc.) which might have an effect on the
research.
RANDOM SAMPLING
Stratified Sampling

Example: If we are interested in the money

spent on books by undergraduates, then the
main subject studied may be an important
variable.
RANDOM SAMPLING
Stratified Sampling

Students studying English Literature may spend more money

on books than engineering students so if we use a very large
percentage of English students or engineering students then
our results will not be accurate. We have to work out the
relative percentage of each group at a university e.g.
Engineering 10%, Social Sciences 15%, English 20%,
Sciences 25%, Languages 10%, Law 5%, Medicine 15% The
sample must then contain all these groups in the same
proportion as in the target population (university students).
RANDOM SAMPLING
Stratified Sampling

Gathering such a sample would be extremely

time consuming and difficult to do
(disadvantage). This method is rarely used in
Psychology. However, the advantage is that the
sample should be highly representative of the
target population and therefore we can
generalize from the results obtained.
RANDOM SAMPLING
cluster Sampling

It refers to a sampling method that has the following

properties.
a. The population is divided into N groups, called
clusters.
b. The researcher randomly selects n clusters to include
in the sample.
c. The number of observations within each cluster Mi is
known, and M = M1 + M2 + M3 + ... + MN-1 + MN.
d. Each element of the population can be assigned to one,
and only one, cluster.
RANDOM SAMPLING
cluster Sampling

ONE-STAGE SAMPLING TWO-STAGE SAMPLING

All of the elements within A subset of elements

selected clusters are within selected clusters
included in the sample. are randomly selected for
inclusion in the sample.
RANDOM SAMPLING
cluster Sampling
Advantages and Disadvantages
Less precision than either simple random sampling or
stratified sampling. This is the main disadvantage of cluster
sampling.
Given this disadvantage, it is natural to ask: Why use cluster
sampling? Sometimes, the cost per sample point is less for
cluster sampling than for other sampling methods. Given a
fixed budget, the researcher may be able to use a bigger
sample with cluster sampling than with the other methods.
When the increased sample size is sufficient to offset the loss
in precision, cluster sampling may be the best choice.
RANDOM SAMPLING
cluster Sampling
When to Use Cluster Sampling

Cluster sampling should be used only when it is economically

justified - when reduced costs can be used to overcome losses
in precision. This is most likely to occur in the following
situations.
RANDOM SAMPLING
cluster Sampling
When to Use Cluster Sampling

Constructing a complete list of population elements is

difficult, costly, or impossible. For example, it may not be
possible to list all of the customers of a chain of hardware
stores. However, it would be possible to randomly select a
subset of stores (stage 1 of cluster sampling) and then
interview a random sample of customers who visit those
stores (stage 2 of cluster sampling).
RANDOM SAMPLING
cluster Sampling
When to Use Cluster Sampling
The population is concentrated in "natural" clusters (city
blocks, schools, hospitals, etc.). For example, to conduct
personal interviews of operating room nurses, it might make
sense to randomly select a sample of hospitals (stage 1 of
cluster sampling) and then interview all of the operating
room nurses at that hospital. Using cluster sampling, the
interviewer could conduct many interviews in a single day at
a single hospital. Simple random sampling, in contrast, might
require the interviewer to spend all day traveling to conduct a
single interview at a single hospital.
KEEP IN MIND

Choose the most cost-effective

approach; that is, choose the
sampling method that delivers the
greatest precision for the least
cost.
 http://www.simplypsychology.org/sampling.html

 https://explorable.com/simple-random-sampling

 http://stattrek.com/sampling/simple-random-
sampling.aspx

 http://stattrek.com/survey-research/cluster-
sampling.aspx?Tutorial=Stat

RANDOM SAMPLING
reference