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Droop Characteristics of Machine Vs VSI

1) Electrical machines like generators have droop characteristics where their frequency decreases as load increases due to the prime mover slowing down. Their voltage also decreases as reactive load increases. 2) VSIs used in distributed generation also have droop characteristics, with output voltage and frequency decreasing proportionally to increases in active and reactive power outputs based on droop coefficients. 3) A microgrid example shows two generating units connected to loads via circuit breakers, demonstrating how droop characteristics allow proportional load sharing during parallel operation.

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77 views

Droop Characteristics of Machine Vs VSI

1) Electrical machines like generators have droop characteristics where their frequency decreases as load increases due to the prime mover slowing down. Their voltage also decreases as reactive load increases. 2) VSIs used in distributed generation also have droop characteristics, with output voltage and frequency decreasing proportionally to increases in active and reactive power outputs based on droop coefficients. 3) A microgrid example shows two generating units connected to loads via circuit breakers, demonstrating how droop characteristics allow proportional load sharing during parallel operation.

Uploaded by

M Mustafa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Droop characteristics of

Machine vs VSI
Droop characteristics of Electrical Machines
(Inertial DGs).
Generator P-f curve:
• All generators are driven by prime mover such as, steam, gas, water and
wind turbine etc.
• Regardless of the power source, most of prime movers tend to slow down
with increasing the load.
• The speed drop (SD) of a prime mover is given by the following formula.
𝑛𝑛𝑙 − 𝑛𝑓𝑙
𝑆𝐷 = . 100%
𝑛𝑓𝑙
• Most prime movers have speed drop of 2% to 4%.
• Most governors have automatic speed control mechanisms.
Cont.
• A typical speed – power and frequency - power curve.
nn frquency
𝑛𝑛𝑙 𝑓𝑛𝑙
𝑛𝑓𝑙 𝑓𝑓𝑙

Mechanical
speed

0 𝑃𝑓𝑙 Power (KW) 0 𝑃𝑓𝑙 Power (KW)

𝑛𝑚 𝑃
𝑓𝑒 = and 𝑃 = 𝑠𝑝 (𝑓𝑛𝑙 − 𝑓𝑠𝑦𝑠 ) Where Sp = slope of the cusrve in W/Hz
120
Cont.
• Generator Q-V curve.
• A similar relationship can be derived for the reactive power Q and
terminal voltage VT.
when supplying a lagging load to synchronous generator, its terminal
voltage decreases.
when supplying a leading load to synchronous generator, its terminal
voltage increases.
• The following graphical illustration shows the Q-V relationship.
𝑉𝑇𝑛𝑙

𝑉𝑇𝑓𝑙

0 Q
-Q Qfl
(kVAR supplied)
(kVAR consumed)

• Both P-f and Q-V droop characristics are important in parallel operations of generators.
Consider the following MG with two
generating units DG1 and DG2.
Loads load1 and load2 is connected the system
and separated from DGs via CBdg1 and CBdg2.
Droop characteristics of VSI based Generation
Unit
• Consider an ac bus connected to an inverter equivalent circuit is
shown in figure.
• Inverter output voltage is E∠δ.
• the total inverter output impedance is set as Z∠θ ,which itself
includes an inverter output impedance Zb∠θb and the line impedance
is ZL∠θL .
• The DG unit output power is:
Cont.
• Output current is:
• Dg unit output of active and reactive power are as follows:

• Suppose the inverter output impedance resistive component is negligible, the inverter output
voltage and ac bus voltage is very small, namely θ = 90° ,δ is very small, thus sinδ =δ ,cosδ = 1 ,the
output active and reactive power can be calculated from
Cont.
• The inverter no-load output voltage amplitude and frequency are V*,ω* ,active
and reactive droop co-efficients are m,n
• The inverter rated output active and reactive power are P*,Q* .

𝜔 𝑉
𝜔∗ 𝑉∗

𝜔(P1)
𝜔(P2) 𝑉load

0 P1 P2 P 0 Q1 Q2 Q

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