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Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance

GENERAL BIOLOGY

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Diadema Borja
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97 views

Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance

GENERAL BIOLOGY

Uploaded by

Diadema Borja
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 Non-Mendelian inheritance is any pattern of inheritance

in which traits do not segregate in accordance


with Mendel's laws.. These laws describe the inheritance
of traits linked to single genes on chromosomes in the
nucleus. In Mendelian inheritance , each parent
contributes one of two possible alleles for a trait. If
the genotypes of both parents in a genetic cross are
known, Mendel’s laws can be used to determine the
distribution of phenotypes expected for the population of
offspring. There are several situations in which the
proportions of phenotypes observed in the progeny do
not match the predicted values. Non-Mendelian
Inheritance is applicable in co-
dominance and incomplete dominance.
• INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

• CODOMINANCE

• MULTIPLE ALLELES
 Incomplete dominance is a type of
inheritance in which one allele for a
specific trait is not completely dominant
over the other allele.
 This results in a combined phenotype
 (expressed physical trait).
 Neither allele is dominant and
heterozygous individuals have an
intermediate phenotype.
 In Four O’ Clocks, if you cross a
red RR (which is always pure)
with a white WW (that is also
always pure) , you get a pink
RW (which is always hybrid
/heterozygous)
RED PINK WHITE
 In incomplete dominance, neither
allele is dominant so there is a
blending of traits when two different
alleles for the same trait occur
together.
 Colors blend together heterozygous
individuals = 3rd phenotype
 In another flower, if red RR and
blue BB flowers are crossed, they
produce a 3rd purple RB flower.
What would be the genotype
ratio and phenotype ratio if you
crossed two purple flowers?
 Cross of two purple flowers
 RB X RB R B
 Genotype ratio

1RR : 2RB : 1BB R


RR RB
 Phenotype ratio RED PURPLE

1red : 2 purple : 1 blue RB BB


B
PURPLE BLUE
 The condition in which both alleles
in a heterozygous organism are
expressed.
 BOTH alleles contribute to the
phenotype.
 The two alleles don’t blend, but are
rather both present in the offspring.
Black

White Checkered
Black Chicken
B B
White Chicken

W BW BW
CHECKERED CHECKERED

BW BW
W CHECKERED CHECKERED
 Codominant alleles have three phenotypes
 Sickle cell anaemia is a genetic disease the
heamoglobin of the red blood cells
 Haemoglobin is normally a ball-shaped
molecule
 The sickle cell allele makes it form a long
strands
 The red blood cell carrying these molecules
distorts into characteristic long shape ©
2007
Sickle cell anemia
http://www.netwellness.org/ency/image
pages/1223.htm

Blood smear (normal)


http://137.222.110.150/calnet/cellbio/cell
bio.htm
 The shape of the haemoglobin molecule is controlled by two
alleles
 Normal Haemoglobin allele
 Sickle Cell Haemoglobin allele
 There are three phenotypes
 Normal
 Normal individuals have two normal haemoglobin alleles
 Sickle cell anaemia, a severe form where all the red blood cells
are affected.
 Sickle cell anaemia patients have two sickle cell alleles in their
genotype
 Sickle cell trait, a mild condition where 50% of the red blood
cells are affected.
 Sickle cell trait individuals are heterozygotes, having one of each
allele
 Both alleles are expressed in the
heterozygote both take a CAPITAL
CASE letter
 An index letter identifies the allele

Therefore:
 Normal haemoglobin allele is HbN

 Sickle cell allele is HbS


Genotypes Phenotypes

HbNHbN Normal haemoglobin

HbNHbS Sickle cell trait

HbSHbS Sickle cell anaemia


 “Multiple allele- When more than two
different form of given gene exist in a species
they are called as multiple allele”
 Normally individual has two alleles
 During his study on Genetic Mendel also
assumed only two alleles of one trait.
 There can be large number of possible
allelic forms in that same population.
This situation is called as multiple
allelism
 Multiple Alleles- Genes which have more
than two alleles.
 It is common for more than 2 alleles to
control a trait in a population
 Multiple alleles can only be studied in
populations since each individual only
has 2 alleles for a trait.
 Examples: human blood types, fruit fly
eye color, coat color in rabbits: C, cch, ch,
and c.
 Multiple alleles always occupy
the same locus on the
chromosome.
 Multiple alleles always influence
the same character.
 No crossing over among the
member alleles of the same
multiple allelic series.
 Blood group (ABO) in
human.
 Coat color in mice.

 Coat color in rabbit.

 Eye color in Drosophila.


 Classical and most common example of
multiple allele is ABO blood group of human
being
 Gene coding blood group has three alleles
rather than two.
 For the ABO gene, the three alleles are the IA,
IB and i alleles.
 We typically call these alleles "A," "B," and "O,"
 “letter "I,“ stands for "immunoglobin."
 The IA and IB show co-dominance -
an individual who is heterozygous
for these two alleles, the phenotypes
of both alleles are completely
expressed, thus producing blood
type AB.
 The i allele (the "O" allele) is
recessive to both the IA and IB
alleles (the "A" and "B" alleles).
Sr.no Genotype Phenotype

1 I AIA or IAi Type A

2 I BIB or IBi Type B

3 I AIB Type AB

4 ii Type O
 The coat or hair color in mice is
determined by a single gene with a series
of alleles.
 Alleles for black, brown, agouti, gray,
albino, and other colors of hair.
 These alleles follow order of dominance
like agouti > black > albino.
 This means that agouti is dominant to
black and albino; black is dominant to
albino.
THE
END!

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