Programming Fundamentals

Operators in C++

2019-11-10
by

Programming Fundamentals by
SHEHZAD LATIF (03134797617)
SHEHZAD LATIF
Assistant Professor,
Hajvery University – Lahore
Email: [email protected]

1
Operators
▪ The operations (specific task) are represented by operators and the objects of

2019-11-10
the operation(s) are referred to as operands.

Programming Fundamentals by
SHEHZAD LATIF (03134797617)
Operand a+b Operand

Addition
Operator
2
Operators

Of the rich set of operators C++ provides here we shall learn some. They are:--

2019-11-10
 Arithmetic operators

 Increment/decrement operators

Programming Fundamentals by
SHEHZAD LATIF (03134797617)
 Relational operators

 Logical operators

 Conditional operators

 Some other operators

3
Arithmetic Operators
C++ provides operators for five (5) basic arithmetic operations :-

2019-11-10
 Addition (+)

 Subtraction (-)

Programming Fundamentals by
SHEHZAD LATIF (03134797617)
 Multiplication (*)

 Division (/)

 Remainder (%)

4
Arithmetic Operators
NOTE: Each of these is a binary operator i.e., it requires two values to (operands)

2019-11-10
to calculate a final answer.

▪ But there are two unary arithmetic operators (that requires one operand or

Programming Fundamentals by
SHEHZAD LATIF (03134797617)
value).

▪ Unary +

▪ Unary -

5
Unary +
▪ Operators that act on one operand are referred to as unary operators.

2019-11-10
▪ The operator unary ‘+’ precedes an operand. The operand (the value on which

the operator operates) of the unary + operator must have arithmetic or pointer

Programming Fundamentals by
SHEHZAD LATIF (03134797617)
type and the result is the value of the argument.

▪ For ex:-

▪ If a=5 then +a means 5.

▪ If a=0then +a means 0.

▪ If a=-4 then +a means -4. 6

Unary -

The operator unary ‘–’ precedes an operand. The operand of an unary – operator

2019-11-10
must have arithmetic type and the result is the negation of its operand’s value.

For ex:-

Programming Fundamentals by
SHEHZAD LATIF (03134797617)
▪ If a=5 then -a means -5.

▪ If a=0then -a means 0 (there is no quantity known as –0).

▪ If a=-4 then a means 4.

▪ This operator reverses the sign of the operand’s value.

7
Addition & Subtraction Operators

Addition Operator Subtraction Operator

The arithmetic binary operator + adds The - operator subtracts the second

2019-11-10
values of its operands and the result is operand from first operand.
the sum of the values of its two

Programming Fundamentals by
SHEHZAD LATIF (03134797617)
operands. For ex:-
14-3 results in 11.
For ex:- a-b(a=10, b=5) results in 5.
4+20 results in 24. The operands may be integer or float
a+5(a=2) results in 7. types.
a+b (a=4, b=6) results in 10.
Its operands may be integer or float
type. 8
Multiplication and Division Operator

Multiply Operator Divide Operator

2019-11-10
The * operator multiplies the values of The / operator divides its first operand
its operands. by the second.

Programming Fundamentals by
SHEHZAD LATIF (03134797617)
For ex :-- For ex:--
3*3results in 12. 100/5 evaluates to 20.
b*8 (b=2) results in 16. a/2 (a=16) evaluates to 8.
a*b (a=5, b=10) results in 50. a/b (a=125, b= 25) results in 5.
The operand may be integer or float The operands may be integer, float or
types. double types.

9
Modulus Operator
The % operator finds the modulus of the modulus of the first operand relative to

2019-11-10
the second. That is it produces remainder of dividing the first by the second

operand.

Programming Fundamentals by
SHEHZAD LATIF (03134797617)
For ex:--

▪ 19%6 results in1.

▪ Operands must be integer types.

10
Increment / Decrement Operators (++, --)

The C++ name itself is influenced by the increment operator ++. The operator ++
adds 1 to its operand , and –-, subtracts one.

2019-11-10
In other words,

▪ a=a+1; is same as ++a; or a++;

Programming Fundamentals by
SHEHZAD LATIF (03134797617)
and

▪ a=a-1; is same as

▪ --a; or a--;

11
Increment/Decrement Operators (++, --)

Both the increment and decrement operators come in two versions viz.

2019-11-10
▪ Prefix version (++a , --a)

▪ Postfix version (a++, a--)

Programming Fundamentals by
SHEHZAD LATIF (03134797617)
Though both of them have same effect on the operand, but they differ when they
take place in an expression.

12
Prefix Operator
▪ When an increment or decrement operator precedes an operand we refer to it

as prefix version.

2019-11-10
▪ When C++ encounters a prefix version it performs the increment/decrement

Programming Fundamentals by
SHEHZAD LATIF (03134797617)
operation before using the value of the operand.

▪ Example

▪ int a = 10;

▪ int b = ++a;

▪ Result will be a =11, b=11 because a’s value will be incremented first and then 13
it will be assigned.
Postfix Operator
▪ When an increment/decrement operator follows its operand we refer to it as

postfix version (of the increment/decrement operator).

2019-11-10
▪ When C++ faces a postfix operator it uses its value first and then performs

increment/decrement operation upon the operand.

Programming Fundamentals by
SHEHZAD LATIF (03134797617)
▪ Example

▪ int a = 10;

▪ int b = a++;

▪ Result will be a =10 and b=10 because a’s value will be incremented after 14
allocation and it will be assigned next time the variable a will be used.
Relational Operators
The operators which determine the relations among different operands.

C++ provides six different relational operators which works with numbers and

2019-11-10
characters but not with strings.

These relational operators are:--

Programming Fundamentals by
SHEHZAD LATIF (03134797617)
▪ < (less tan)

▪ <= (less than or equal to)

▪ == (equals to)

▪ > (greater than)

▪ >= (greater than or equal to)

▪ != (not equal to) 15

Kill Your Doubts

▪ You should never ever confuse between = and == operators. This is the most

2019-11-10
common mistake while working with relational operators.

Programming Fundamentals by
SHEHZAD LATIF (03134797617)
▪ You should avoid getting stuck with silly results. Just you need to know that = is

an assignment operator (which assigns a value to the variable it follows) while

== is a relational operator ( which compares two values characters or

numbers).

16
Logical Operators

Logical operators refer to the ways these relationships (among values ) can be

2019-11-10
connected.

C++ provides three logical operators . They are:-

Programming Fundamentals by
SHEHZAD LATIF (03134797617)
▪ || (logical OR)

▪ && (logical AND)

▪ ! (logical NOT)

17
Logical Operators

▪ The logical OR operator (||) combines two expressions which make its

2019-11-10
operands.

▪ The logical OR (||) operator evaluates to true, giving value 1, if any of its

Programming Fundamentals by
SHEHZAD LATIF (03134797617)
operands evaluates to true.

NOTE:- C++ considers 0 as a false value and any non-zero value as a true value.

Values 0 and 1(false or true ) are the truth values of expressions.

18
Example
The principle is used while testing evaluating expressions. For example:-

if(ch==‘a’ || ch==‘e’|| ch==‘i’ || ch==‘o’|| ch==‘u’)

2019-11-10
{

cout<<“Entered Character is Oval”;

Programming Fundamentals by
SHEHZAD LATIF (03134797617)
}

else

cout<<“Entered Character is consonant”;

}
19
The operator || (logical OR) has lower precedence than the relational operators,
thus, we don’t need to use parenthesis in these expressions.
Logical And Operator (&&)

It also combines two expressions into one.

2019-11-10
▪ The resulting expression has value 1 or 0 indicating true and false respectively.

▪ The resulting expression takes value 1 if both of the original expressions

Programming Fundamentals by
SHEHZAD LATIF (03134797617)
(operands) are true.

20
Example
if (month % 4==0 && month ==2 )

2019-11-10
cout << “ Month is Lunar Month ”;

Programming Fundamentals by
SHEHZAD LATIF (03134797617)
}

The aim of this example is that if the user enters a value 2 in month variable

then February will be a Lunar Month.

21
The Logical Not Operator (!)
▪ The logical NOT operator, written as !, works on single expression or operand

i.e., it’s n unary operator.

2019-11-10
▪ The logical NOT operator negates or reverses the truth value of the

Programming Fundamentals by
SHEHZAD LATIF (03134797617)
expression following it i.e., if the expression is true , then the !expression is

false and vice-versa.

▪ The logical negation operator(!) has a higher precedence over all other

arithmetical and relational operators.

▪ Let a=1, b=2

22
!(a>b) = !0 = 1 OR !(False) = True
 Operator Precedence

Programming Fundamentals by
2019-11-10
23

SHEHZAD LATIF (03134797617)

Conditional Operator ?:
▪ C++ offers a conditional operator (?:) that stores a value depending upon a
condition.

2019-11-10
▪ The operator is ternary operator meaning it requires three operands.

▪ The general form :-

Programming Fundamentals by
SHEHZAD LATIF (03134797617)
Expression1 ? Expression2: Expression3

▪ If expression1 evaluates to true i.e.1, then the value of whole expression is the
value of expression2, otherwise, the value of the whole expression is the value
o0f the exspression3.

▪ Example
▪ a =11 , b=20;
24
▪ x = ( a >b ) ? a :b ;
Expressions

▪ The expression in C++ can be of any type i.e., relational, logical etc.

2019-11-10
▪ Type of operators used in an expression determines the type of expression.

Programming Fundamentals by
SHEHZAD LATIF (03134797617)
25
Integer Expressions
Integer expression is formed by connecting integer constants and/or integer
variables using integer arithmetic operators.

Following expressions are valid integer expressions:--

2019-11-10
const count =30;

int i, j, k, x, y, z;

Programming Fundamentals by
SHEHZAD LATIF (03134797617)
i

-i

k-x

k+x-y+count

-j+k*y

j/z 26
z%x
Logical Expressions

▪ The expressions that results into true(1) or false(0) are called logical

2019-11-10
expressions.

▪ Example

Programming Fundamentals by
SHEHZAD LATIF (03134797617)
If (a>b && b>c)

( (5 > 10) || ( 10 = 10))

27
Assignment Statement
▪ Assignment statement assigns a value to a variable.

2019-11-10
▪ In C++, Equal to (=) symbol is an assignment statement.

▪ For example:

Programming Fundamentals by
SHEHZAD LATIF (03134797617)
▪ a=8495;

▪ b=564.44;

28
 Compound Assignments
Compound assignments can be used when you want to modify the value of a

variable by performing an operation on the value currently stored in that

2019-11-10
variable. (For example: A = A + 1 ).

● Writing <var> += <expr> is the same as <var> = <var> + <expr>.

Programming Fundamentals by
SHEHZAD LATIF (03134797617)
● Writing <var> -= <expr> is the same as <var> = <var> – <expr>.

● Writing <var> /= <expr> is the same as <var> = <var> / <expr>.

● Writing <var> *= <expr> is the same as <var> = <var> * <expr>.

29
 Example
Different Types of Assignment statements are used while programming and they

are,

2019-11-10
o += example x+=10 mean x=x+10

Programming Fundamentals by
SHEHZAD LATIF (03134797617)
o = example y-=10 mean y=y-10

o *= example z*=10 mean z=z*10

o /= example a/=10 mean a=a/10

o % = example b%=10 mean b=b%10

30