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Determining Truth: Introduction To The Philosophy of The Human Person Janis A. Jose

The document discusses several theories of truth: correspondence theory, which sees truth as corresponding to reality; coherence theory, which sees truth as consistency within a context; constructivist theory, which sees truth as influenced by social and cultural forces; consensus theory, which sees truth as agreed upon; and pragmatic theory, which sees truth as what is useful in practice. It also discusses logical fallacies like ad hominem and appeal to emotion arguments, as well as biases like confirmation bias and framing effects.

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Mlnhs Janis Jose
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115 views

Determining Truth: Introduction To The Philosophy of The Human Person Janis A. Jose

The document discusses several theories of truth: correspondence theory, which sees truth as corresponding to reality; coherence theory, which sees truth as consistency within a context; constructivist theory, which sees truth as influenced by social and cultural forces; consensus theory, which sees truth as agreed upon; and pragmatic theory, which sees truth as what is useful in practice. It also discusses logical fallacies like ad hominem and appeal to emotion arguments, as well as biases like confirmation bias and framing effects.

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Mlnhs Janis Jose
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DETERMINING TRUTH

Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person


Janis A. Jose
Theories of Truth
• Correspondence Theory:
– If corresponds to reality or the actual
state of affairs.

– Assumes direct relationship between


an idea and reality and that a
statement can be taken as Fact.
• Coherence Theory:
–Something is true if it makes sense
when placed in a certain situation or
context.
–An idea or statement is true because it
makes sense in its own context.
–Has sense of consistency which renders
it truthfulness.
• Constructivist Theory:
–Knowledge is shaped by social forces
and influenced by culture and history.
–What a person believes, is shaped by
his society and culture.
– What is true may be influenced by
historical developments and social
struggles.
• Consensus Theory:
–Knowledge is based on agreement and
that something is true if almost
everyone agrees that it is true.
–Used to determine the truth of
scientific claims.
• Pragmatic Theory:
–Something is true if we can put it into
practice or if it is useful in real life.
–Ideas should be tested to confirm its
validity.
FALLACIES
• Arguments based on faulty reasoning.
Ad hominem
• Attacking the person making the
argument instead the argument itself.
Appeal to force
• Using the threat of force or an
undesirable event to advance an
argument.
Appeal to Emotion
• Using emotions such as pity or sympathy.
Appeal to the Popular
• Idea is presented as acceptable because
lot of people accept it.
Appeal to Tradition
• Idea is acceptable because it is true for
the long time.
Begging the Question
• Assuming the thing or idea to be proven
is true
• Circular argument
Cause-and-Effect
• Assuming cause-and-effect relationship
between unrelated events.
Fallacy of Composition
• Assuming that what is true for a part is
true for the whole.
Fallacy of Division
• Assuming that what is true for the whole
is true for its parts.
BIAS
• Personal views of a person presenting it.
Correspondence Bias or Attribution effect

• Tendency to judge a person’s personality


by his or her actions, without regard for
external factors or influences.
Confirmation Bias
• Tendency to look for and readily accept
information which fits with one’s own
belief or views and to reject ideas or
views that go against it.
Framing
• Focusing on a certain aspect of a
problem while ignoring other aspects.
Hindsight
• Tendency to see the past events as
predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to a
historical events.
Conflict of Interest
• A person or the group is connected to or
has a vested interest in the issue being
discussed.
Cultural bias
• Analyzing an event or issue based on
one’s cultural standards.

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