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Optical Fiber Communication: Mitali.R.shinde

Optical fiber communication uses glass or plastic fibers to transmit data using pulses of light. Fibers allow transmission over longer distances and higher bandwidths than other forms of communication. They are used in fiber-optic communications networks and have advantages over metal wires such as lower loss and immunity to electromagnetic interference. Fibers have five main elements - the optic core, cladding, buffer, strength material and jacket - and can use LEDs or lasers as light sources depending on the application's requirements.

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45 views16 pages

Optical Fiber Communication: Mitali.R.shinde

Optical fiber communication uses glass or plastic fibers to transmit data using pulses of light. Fibers allow transmission over longer distances and higher bandwidths than other forms of communication. They are used in fiber-optic communications networks and have advantages over metal wires such as lower loss and immunity to electromagnetic interference. Fibers have five main elements - the optic core, cladding, buffer, strength material and jacket - and can use LEDs or lasers as light sources depending on the application's requirements.

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prathamesh nerkar
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OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION

Submitted By :
Mitali.R.shinde
Guided By :-
Prof. Swapnamegha Patil
Department Of Electronic & TeleCommunication
Engineering
S.S.V.P.S’s B.S.DEORE COLLAGE OF ENGINEERING, DHULE.
2019-2020
 An optical fiber(or fiber) is a glass or plastic fiber that carries light along
its length.
 Fiber optics is the overlap of applied science and engineering concerned
with the design and application of optical fibers.
 Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communications which
permits transmission over longer distances and at higher
bandwidths(data rates) than other forms of communication. Fibers are
used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less
loss and they are also immune to electromagnetic interference.
 Fibers are also used for illumination, and are wrapped in bundles so they
can be used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in tight spaces .
Specially designed fibers are used for a variety of other applications,
including sensors and fiber lasers.
• Fiber optics involves the transmission of information by light
through long transparent fibers made from glass or plastic.
• A light source modulates a light emitting diode(LED), or a laser turns
on or off or varies in intensity in a manner that represents the
electrical information input signal.
• The modulating light is then coupled to an optical fiber that
propagates the light.
• An optical detector at the opposite end of the fiber receives the
modulating light and converts it back to an electrical signal which is
identical to the input signal.
There are generally five elements that make up the construction
of a fiber-optic strand, or cable:
a. The optic core
b. Optic cladding
c. A buffer material
d. A strength material
e. The outer jacket
The optic core is the light carrying element
at the center of the optical fiber. It is
commonly made from a combination of silica
and germanium. Surrounding the core is the
optic cladding made of pure silica. It is this
combination that makes the principle of
total internal reflection possible. The
difference in material used in the making of
the core and the cladding creates an
extremely reflective surface at the point in
which they interface. Light pulses entering
the fiber core reflect off the
core/cladding interface and thus remain
within the core as they move down the line.

Surrounding the cladding is a buffer


material used to help shield the core and
cladding from damage. A strength material
surrounds the buffer, preventing stretch
problems when the fiber cable is being CUT AWAY OF A FIBER-OPTIC CABLE.
pulled. The jacket is added to protect
against abrasion, solvents, and other
contaminants.
 Two types of light sources are commonly used for optical fiber
in communications applications.
 These sources are the light-emitting diode(LED) and the
semiconductor laser (or laser diode).
 These two sources have distinct characteristics in terms of
performance, cost, and ease of use.
 The selection is usually based on the higher cost and higher
performance of the laser versus the lower cost and lower
performance of the LED.
The light-emitting diode has a wide range of applications since it
offers low price, ease of use, minimal amount of electrical
power and does not require any specialized devices to operate.

The following types of LED diodes are found:


 Edge Light Emitting Diode
 Super Luminescent Diode
LASER produces light that is highly directional, coherent, and
monochromatic. Thus laser diodes dictate the implementation of high
capacity systems. However, laser diodes have several disadvantages which
includes temperature dependence, non-linear characteristics, requirement
of cooling elements and feedback control, and necessary coupling
arrangements for launching of laser into fiber.

The following types of Laser Diodes are found:


a)Gain-guided Laser Diodes
b)Index-guided Laser Diodes
Total Internal Reflection
When light travels from a low refractive
index medium like air into a high refractive
index medium like glass, it experiences
refraction. This causes the ray of light to
bend towards the normal, which is a line at
right angles or air surface. The ratio of the
speed of light in air to the speed of light in
glass is called the refractive index.
The larger the refractive index the more
the light slows and bends. When a ray of
light travels from glass into air then the
reverse happens i.e. the ray of light bend
away from the normal.
Optical fibers are classified on the basis of inherent material from which they
are made, refractive index profile of the core, and the way light propagates
within the core. Fibers are selected with respect to different applications
and requirements. Fibers are either made of glass is far more common.
Glass fiber, composed of silica or fused quartz, is extremely pure. Adding
specific impurities in to the glass matrix modifies the index of refraction and
improves the guiding properties of the fiber.
There are two general categories of
optical fiber:
a)Single mode fiber
b)Multi mode fiber
Multimode fiber has a much lighter core than single mode fiber, allowing
hundreds of modes of light to propagate through the fiber simultaneously.
Single mode fiber can support only one mode as its core is too
narrow. This is called the “LOWEST ORDER MODE”. Single mode
fiber has some advantages over multimode fiber.
Although it seems from total internal reflection that any ray of light
can travel down from the fiber, in fact, because of the wave nature
of light, only certain ray directions can actually travel down the
fiber. These are called the “FIBER MODE”. In this multimode fiber,
many different modes are supported by the fiber.
 Attenuation losses
 Dispersion losses
 Modal dispersion
 Chromatic dispersion
 Material dispersion
 Waveguide dispersion
 Feeder loop
 Long distance communication
 Local area network
 Industrial automation and control
 Computers applications
 Military applications
 Medical applications
 Sensor application
Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting
information from one place to another by sending pulses of light
through an optical fiber. Due to the advantages of Fiber-optic
communication over electrical transmission , optical fibers have
largely replaced copper wire communications in core networks in
the developed world.

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