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Types of Clause

This document discusses different types of clauses, including independent clauses that can stand alone as complete sentences, and dependent clauses that cannot stand alone and must be attached to independent clauses. It covers finite clauses, which have subjects and verbs, and non-finite clauses, which do not have subjects or verbs. Some key clause types discussed are independent, dependent, finite, non-finite, complement, adverbial, relative, comparative, and verbless clauses.

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108 views

Types of Clause

This document discusses different types of clauses, including independent clauses that can stand alone as complete sentences, and dependent clauses that cannot stand alone and must be attached to independent clauses. It covers finite clauses, which have subjects and verbs, and non-finite clauses, which do not have subjects or verbs. Some key clause types discussed are independent, dependent, finite, non-finite, complement, adverbial, relative, comparative, and verbless clauses.

Uploaded by

Sol de Mardel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CLAUSES

INDEPENDENT &
DEPENDENT
CLAUSES
WHAT IS A CLAUSE?

 A clause is a group of related words


containing a subject and a verb.

 It is different from a phrase in that a phrase


does not include a subject and a verb
relationship.
CLAUSES: TYPES

 DEPENDENT

 INDEPENDENT
INDEPENDENT CLAUSES

CHARACTERISTICS

CAN BE COORDINATED
NOT PART OF
OR
ANY LARGER ALL ARE FINITE
INCLUDE EMBEDDED
STRUCTURE
DEPENDENT CLAUSES

USED TO PERFORM
SPEECH-ACT FUNCTIONS
INDEPENDENT CLAUSES: TYPES

 SIMPLE
 COORDINATED OR COMPOUND
 COMPLEX
 COMPOUND COMPLEX

1. A statement gives information.

2. A statement gives information and expects no specific response.

3. A statement gives information that is relevant.

4. A statement gives information that is relevant and expects no specific response.


INDEPENDENT CLAUSES

CLAUSE SPEECH ACT


Declarative inform
(statement)

Interrogative ask
(question)
YES/NO-WH-ALT.-TAGS

Imperative direct
(command)
No S – MODALS-TENSE-ASPECT MARKERS

Exclamative express
(exclamation)
INDEPENDENT CLAUSES: EXAMPLES

 Is it Friday today? Y/N


 Do you want one or two? ALT.
 She’s so generous, isn´t she? TAG
 What a good person he is! EXCL.
 Let´s catch up with Louise IMP. suggestion
 Don´t you dare talk to me like that! IMP. order
 Just come! You don´t need an invitation IMP. Invitation
 Who cares? WH wh+v
 Who do you care for? WH wh+aux+s+v
Practice 1: Combine the following simple sentences to create a
compound sentence.

 1. It rained for three days. The streets in my neighborhood


flooded.
 2. I got to ball practice late. I forgot to set my alarm.
 3. Kyle completed his homework. He put it in his binder.
 4. Luke mowed the lawn. He earned ten dollars.
 5. I stayed up late last night. I am tired today.
 6. Neil doesn't like seafood. He doesn't like cabbage.
 7. My pencil was broken. I borrowed one from Jake.
 8. I like apples. I like pears more.
 9. Eight people got into the elevator. It was crowded. Three
people got off.
 10. Georgia gathered the pictures. She could arrange them in a
special album for her family.
 11. I had studied a lot. I didn’t pass the exam.
Answers
 It rained for three days, so the streets in my neighborhood
flooded.
 2. I got to ball practice late for I forgot to set my alarm.
 3. Kyle completed his homework and he put it in his binder.
 4. Luke mowed the lawn and he earned ten dollars.
 5. I stayed up late last night so I am tired today.
 6. Neil doesn't like seafood, nor does he like cabbage.
 7. My pencil was broken so I borrowed one from Jake.
 8. I like apples, but I like pears more.
 9. Eight people got into the elevator, but it was crowded, so
three people got off.
 10. Georgia gathered the pictures so she could arrange them in
a special album for her family.
 11.I had studied a lot, yet I didn’t pass the exam.
Practice 2: State the type of the following sentences
 11. Jason decided to stay up late because he had a lot of
homework to do.
 12. If you hurry, we might get to school on time.
 13. Although Monica had a cold, she went to school because
she had a test.
 14. While washing the car, Todd slipped on the soap and he
fell.
 15. Dad takes the train to work even though he has a car.
 16. After Mom arrived, she put the disk in the DVD player and
we watched a great movie.
 17. Even though his heart pounded with dread, Ben bolted up
the stairs, and he checked out the strange noise.
 18. Molly baked brownies since she had nothing else to do.
 19. Karen made a list of what was needed, and she double-
checked it so she wouldn't forget anything.
 20. Frank had a good sense of humor, so he laughed a lot.
Answers: The independent clauses are boldfaced, the
subordinate clauses are italic, and conjunctions are Roman.
 11. Jason decided to stay up late because he had a lot of
homework to do. (complex)
 12. If you hurry, we might get to school on time. (complex)
 13. Although Monica had a cold, she went to school because
she had a test. (complex)
 14. While washing the car, Todd slipped on the soap and he
fell. (compound-complex)
 15. Dad takes the train to work even though he has a car.
(complex)
 16. After Mom arrived, she put the disk in the DVD player
and we watched a great movie. (compound-complex)
 17. Even though his heart pounded with dread, Ben bolted up
the stairs, and he checked out the strange noise.
(compound-complex)
 18. Molly baked brownies since she had nothing else to do.
(complex)
 19. Karen made a list of what was needed, and she double-
checked it so she wouldn't forget anything. (compound-
complex)
 20. Frank had a good sense of humor, so he laughed a lot.
(complex)
FINITE DEPENDENT CLAUSES

 COMPLEMENT
 ADVERBIAL
 RELATIVE
 COMPARATIVE
 PERIPHERAL
FINITE DEPENDENT CLAUSES:
COMPLEMENT CLAUSES (=NOMINAL)

Introduced by THAT-WHAT-to INF-ING


Controlled by preceding:
 Verb I said that I wasn´t perfect.

 Adjective I’ve gotta be careful that I don’t sound too pompous.

 Noun There is a feeling that nobody can explain.

 Preposition He’s unsure of what they might think about it.


FINITE DEPENDENT CLAUSES:
ADVERBIAL

 USED AS ADVERBIALS IN MAIN CL


 POSITION IN MAIN CLAUSE:
BEGINNING If you want to be ripped off, go to a dentist.

MIDDLE The had left before she entered.

END They may be here by ten I guess.


FINITE DEPENDENT CLAUSES:
RELATIVE

 POSTMODIFIERS OF NOUN
 EXPAND ITS MEANING
 INTRODUCED BY RELATIVIZER
HAVE GRAMMATICAL ROLES
HAVE LINKING FUNCTIONS
POINT BACK TO ANTECEDENT
FINITE DEPENDENT CLAUSES:
COMPARATIVE

 COMPLEMENTS IN
AdjPh She has never been as good as she seems

AdvPh He usually arrives later than he does

 HAVE GRADABLE WORD AS HEAD


 INTRODUCED BY CONJUNCTION
THAN (unequal)
AS (equal)
FINITE DEPENDENT CLAUSES:
PERIPHERAL

 PERIPHERAL ROLE IN MAIN CLAUSE


 TYPES: reporting/tags
REPORTING
On the boundary of dependent/independent status
Introduce somebody’s direct speech or thought
TAG
He’s so good, isn´t he?
I did enjoy it I did (declarative)
NON-FINITE DEPENDENT CLAUSES

 DEPENDENT ON MAIN CLAUSE


 DO NOT HAVE TENSE OR MODALITY
 USUALLY LACK EXPLICIT SUBJECT AND SUBORDINATOR
 TYPES:
INFINITIVE
-ING
-ED
SUPPLEMENT
VERBLESS
NON-FINITE DEPENDENT CLAUSES
SUPPLEMENT

 LOOSELY ATTACHED TO MAIN CLAUSE (both in meaning and form)


 CONSIDERED PERIPHERAL ADVL CL
 WRITTEN REGISTERS
 MARKED OFF BY COMMA
 TYPES:

ING Directed by Spielberg, one of the names being mentioned at the ceremony, the
production is a delightfully retelling of his own life.
ED He walked with difficulty, his tendom apparently shortened, towards her.
NON-FINITE DEPENDENT CLAUSES
VERBLESS

 CAN BE TREATED AS ADVL CL WITH


ELLIPSIS OF S AND V TO BE
 Although not a classic, this 90-minute videois worth watching
subordinator SP
(=although IT IS not a classic…)

 She was taught, when in difficulty, to believe in God.


Subordinator Advl

(=when SHE IS in difficulty…)

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