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Atomic Models 1

The document describes the progression of scientific theories and models of the atom from ancient philosophers like Democritus to modern quantum mechanics. It traces the development from Dalton's billiard ball model, to Thomson's plum pudding model, Rutherford's nuclear model, Bohr's solar system model, and finally to the modern electron cloud model based on quantum mechanics. Each new model improved on the last by incorporating new experimental evidence that revealed more about the inner structure and behavior of atoms.

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markkelehan
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1K views

Atomic Models 1

The document describes the progression of scientific theories and models of the atom from ancient philosophers like Democritus to modern quantum mechanics. It traces the development from Dalton's billiard ball model, to Thomson's plum pudding model, Rutherford's nuclear model, Bohr's solar system model, and finally to the modern electron cloud model based on quantum mechanics. Each new model improved on the last by incorporating new experimental evidence that revealed more about the inner structure and behavior of atoms.

Uploaded by

markkelehan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

At each table, there are two dough balls with

items hidden in the center. Working in pairs,


and without pulling the dough off, use the
provided pins to poke through the clay and
discover what you can about the hidden
items without looking at them.

(Hint: Scratch an ‘R’ somewhere on the ball


so that you have a point of reference.)

The dough is 1 cup flour + ½ cup salt + ½


cup water + 2.5 tsp vegetable oil
How do you generate a
picture of something you
can’t see?
Models of the Atom
Democritus’ Atomic Philosophy

• 460 – 370 BC
• Believed that atoms were
indivisible and
indestructible.
• Theory based in reason.
• Lacked experimental
support and later
challenged by Plato and Aristotle
Dalton’s “Billiard Ball” Atom

• 1766 – 1844
• English chemist, teacher
• Studied the ratios in which
elements combine
• Theory:
– All elements are composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms.
– Atoms of the same element are identical. The atoms of any one element are different
from those of any other element and can be distinguished by their mass.
– Atoms of different elements can physically mix together or can chemically combine in
simple whole-number ratios to form compounds. (law)
– Chemical reactions occur when atoms are separated, joined, or rearranged. Atoms of
one element, however, are never changed into atoms of another element as a result
of a chemical reaction.
– Atoms cannot be created, destroyed (law), or divided into smaller particles.
Thomson’s Plum Pudding model
• 1897
• English physicist
• Cathode ray experiment
• Atoms contain some sort
of charged subatomic
particle
– Implies positive & negative
• Theory: positively charged
medium with negative
charges embedded
Rutherford’s Nuclear Atomic Model
• 1911, English baron
• Shot a stream of alpha
particles at a piece of
gold foil
(Rutherford cont’d)
• People thought that the particles would pass
through with a little deflection.
• Surprise! Almost all of the particles passed
through without any deflection.
• A very small fraction were deflected at large
angles and some even bounced straight back.
• Nuclear Atom theory
– Atoms are mostly empty space
– Matter is concentrated at the center of atoms – the
nucleus – and is very, VERY small
– The nucleus has a positive charge
– Electrons are distributed around the nucleus
Sketch the models for…
• John Dalton’s “Billiard Ball” atom
• J.J. Thomson’s “Plum Pudding” atom
• Lord Ernest Rutherford’s “Nuclear” atom

How is each model similar to and different to


the others?
Spectral lines (emission spectra)
• When hit by light, elements give off
different spectra of light
• Where is this light coming from?
Bohr’s Solar System Model
• 1913, Danish Physicist
• Light emitted by excited atoms
is energy, emitted when
electrons gain or lose energy
• Electrons gain energy to move
away from nucleus and lose
energy when “falling” back
• Electrons must orbit nucleus
in fixed paths, each farther
from the nucleus than the last,
like planets around the sun
• http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/astronomy/applets/Bohr/applet_files/Bohr.html
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
• In order to see something, you need to
shine light on it and see the reflected light.
• If you shine a light on an electron, it gains
energy, jumps to a different level, and its
momentum changes.
• Therefore, it is impossible to know both
the exact position and momentum of an
electron at any given time.
Electron Cloud model (today)
• If we cannot know the position and momentum of an
electron, then electrons cannot travel in orbits!
• The best we can do is describe the areas of space in
which electrons are most likely to be found – known as
“orbitals”
• Based in quantum mechanics, developed
by Schrodinger, de Broglie, and others
• Also known as the wave-mechanical or
quantum-mechanical model
Homework!
– Summary of the five major atomic models
(Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr, Cloud
Electron)
• Sketch each model and label them by name
• Beneath each sketch, explain why it was
proposed/how it was discovered
• Describe the similarities and differences between
this model and the model before it
• Describe at least one shortcoming
(limitation/problem) with each of the first four models

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