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The Endocrine System: Dr. Alisha Noreen Lecturer Iqra University

The document discusses the endocrine system and its role in controlling physiological processes and homeostasis. It describes the functions of the endocrine system as secreting hormones into the bloodstream to regulate processes. The two main types of hormones are steroid hormones, which are lipid soluble and diffuse through cell membranes, and nonsteroid hormones, which have receptors on the cell membrane. It provides examples of endocrine glands like the pituitary, thyroid, pancreas and adrenals, and the hormones they secrete to regulate functions like metabolism, growth, and fluid balance. The role of hormones in responding to exercise through feedback loops to mobilize energy sources and maintain blood glucose is also summarized.

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125 views

The Endocrine System: Dr. Alisha Noreen Lecturer Iqra University

The document discusses the endocrine system and its role in controlling physiological processes and homeostasis. It describes the functions of the endocrine system as secreting hormones into the bloodstream to regulate processes. The two main types of hormones are steroid hormones, which are lipid soluble and diffuse through cell membranes, and nonsteroid hormones, which have receptors on the cell membrane. It provides examples of endocrine glands like the pituitary, thyroid, pancreas and adrenals, and the hormones they secrete to regulate functions like metabolism, growth, and fluid balance. The role of hormones in responding to exercise through feedback loops to mobilize energy sources and maintain blood glucose is also summarized.

Uploaded by

pasha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Endocrine

System

Dr. Alisha Noreen


Lecturer
Iqra University
Functions of the
Endocrine System
 Controls the processes
involved in movement and
physiological equilibrium
 Includes all tissues or glands
that secrete hormones into the
blood
 Secretion of most hormones is
regulated by a negative
feedback system
 The number of receptors for a
specific hormone can be
altered to meet the body’s
demand
Chemical
Classificaton of
Hormones
 Steroid Hormones:
 Lipid soluble
 Diffuse through cell membranes
 Endocrine organs
 Adrenal cortex
 Ovaries
 Testes
 placenta
Chemical
Classification of
Hormones
 Nonsteroid Hormones:
 Not lipid soluble
 Received by receptors external
to the cell membrane
 Endocrine organs
 Thyroid gland
 Parathyroid gland
 Adrenal medulla
 Pituitary gland
 pancreas
Hormone Actions

 “Lock and Key” approach:


describes the interaction
between the hormone and its
specific receptor.
 Receptors for nonsteroid
hormones are located on the
cell membrane
 Receptors for steroid hormones
are found in the cell’s cytoplasm
or in its nucleus
Hormone Actions
 Steroid Hormones
 Pass through the cell
membrane
 Binds to specific receptors
 Then enters the nucleus to bind
with the cells DNA which then
activates certain genes (Direct
gene activation).
 mRNA is synthesized in the
nucleus and enters the
cytoplasm and promotes protein
synthesis for:
 Enzymes as catalysts
 Tissue growth and repair
 Regulate enzyme function
Hormone Actions
 Nonsteroid Hormones
 React with specific receptors
outside the cell
 This triggers an enzyme reaction
with lead to the formation of a
second messenger (cAMP).
 cAMP can produce specific
intracellular functions:
 Activates cell enzymes
 Change in membrane permeability
 Promote protein synthesis
 Change in cell metabolism
 Stimulation of cell secretions
Negative Feedback
 Negative feedback is the
primary mechanism through
which your endocrine system
maintains homeostasis
 Secretion of a specific
hormone s turned on or off by
specific physiological changes
(similar to a thermostat)
 EXAMPLE: plasma glucose
levels and insulin response
Number of
Receptors
 Down-regulation: is the
decrease of hormone
receptors which decreases
the sensitivity to that hormone
 Up-regulation: is the increase
in the number of receptors
which causes the cell to be
more sensitive to a particular
hormone
The Endocrine
Glands and Their
Hormones
 Pituitary Gland
 A marble-sized gland at the base of
the brain
 Controlled by the hypothalamus or
other neural mechanisms and
therefore the middle man.
 Posterior Lobe
 Antidiuretic hormone:
responsible for fluid retention
 Oxytocin: contraction of the
uterus
The Endocrine Glands
and their Hormones
 Pituitary Gland
 Exercise appears to be a
strong stimulant to the
hypothalamus for the release
of all anterior pituitary
hormones
 Anterior Lobe
 Adrenocorticotropin
 Growth hormone *
 Thyropin
 Follicle-stimulating hormone
 Luteinizing hormone *
 Prolactin
The Endocrine Glands
and Their Hormones
 Thyroid Gland
 Located along the midline of the
neck
 Secretes two nonsteroid hormones
 Triiodothyronine (T3)
 Thyroxine (T4)
 Regulates metabolism
 increases protein synthesis
 promotes glycolysis,
gluconeogenesis, glucose
uptake
 Calcitonin: calcium metabolism
The Endocrine
Glands

 Parathyroid Glands
 Secretes parathyroid hormone
 regulates plasma calcium
(osteoclast activity)
 regulates phosphate levels
The Endocrine
Glands
 Adrenal Medulla
 Situated directly atop each
kidney and stimulated by the
sympathetic nervous system
 Secretes the catecholamines
 Epinephrine: elicits a fight or
flight response
 Increase H.R. and B.P.
 Increase respiration
 Increase metabolic rate
 Increase glycogenolysis
 Vasodilation
 Norepinephrine
 House keeping system
The Endocrine
Glands
 Adrenal Cortex
 Secretes over 30 different steroid
hormones (corticosteroids)
 Mineralocorticoids
 Aldosterone: maintains electrolyte
balance
 Glucocorticoids
 Cortisol:
 Stimulates gluconeogenisis
 Mobilization of free fatty acids
 Glucose sparing
 Anti-inflammatory agent
 Gonadocorticoids
 testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
The Endocrine
Glands
 Pancrease:
 Located slightly behind the
stomach
 Insulin: reduces blood glucose
 Facilitates glucose transport into the
cells
 Promotes glycogenesis
 Inhibits gluconeogensis
 Glucagon: increases blood
glucose
The Endocrine
Glands
 Gonads
 testes (testosterone) = sex
characteristics
 muscle development and maturity
 ovaries (estrogen) = sex
characteristics
 maturity and coordination
 Kidneys (erythropoietin)
 regulates red blood cell production
The Endocrine
Response to Exercise

 Table 5.3 Page 172


Regulation of
Glucose Metabolism
During Exercise
 Glucagon secretion increases
during exercise to promote liver
glycogen breakdown
(glycogenolysis)
 Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
further increase glycogenolysis
 Cortisol levels also increase
during exercise for protein
catabolism for later
gluconeogenesis.
 Growth Hormone mobilizes free
fatty acids
 Thyroxine promotes glucose
catabolism
Regulation of
Glucose Metabolism
During Exercise
 As intensity of exercise
increases, so does the rate of
catecholamine release for
glycogenolysis
 During endurance events the rate
of glucose release very closely
matches the muscles need.
(fig 5.9, pg. 174)
 When glucose levels become
depleted, glucagon and cortisol
levels rise significantly to
enhance gluconeogenesis.
Regulation of
Glucose Metabolism
During Exercise
 Glucose must not only be
delivered to the cells, it must
also be taken up by them. That
job relies on insulin.
 Exercise may enhance insulin’s
binding to receptors on the
muscle fiber.
 Up-regulation (receptors)
occurs with insulin after 4
weeks of exercise to increase
its sensitivity (diabetic
importance).
Regulation of Fat
Metabolism During
Exercise
 When low plasma glucose levels
occur, the catecholamines are
released to accelerate lypolysis.
 Triglycerides are reduced to free
fatty acids by lipase which is
activated by: (fig. 5.11, pg. 176)
 Cortisol
 Epinephrine
 Norepinephrine
 Growth Hormone
Hormonal Effects on
Fluid and Electrolyte
Balance
 Reduced plasma volume leads
to release of aldosterone which
increases Na+ and H2O
reabsorption by the kidneys and
renal tubes.
 Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is
released from the posterior
pituitary when dehydration is
sensed by osmoreceptors, and
water is then reabsorbed by the
kidneys.
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