Marine Diesel Engine

Parts and function

 History
The first person to build a working four-stroke engine, a
stationary engine using a coal gas-air mixture for fuel (a gas
engine), was German engineer Dr. Nikolaus Otto. This is why
the four-stroke principle today is commonly known as the
Otto cycle and four-stroke engines using spark plugs often
are called Otto engines.

Otto Cycle: Dr. Nicolaus Otto -1876

 2-Stroke Diesel Engine
Sir Dugald Clerk KBE, FRS (1854, Glasgow –
1932, Ewhurst, Surrey) was a Scottish engineer who designed
the world's first successful two-stroke engine in 1878 and
patented it in England in 1881.

2-Cycle Engine; Du gal Clerk -1878

 4-Stroke Diesel Engine
Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel (March 18, 1858 – September
29, 1913) was a German inventor and mechanical engineer,
famous for the invention of the 4-stroke diesel engine.

Diesel Engine - Dr. Rudolph Diesel -1895

 Four Stroke Diesel Engine
Four stroke engine was first demonstrate by Nikolaus Otto in
1876,hence it is also known as Otto cycle. It consist of 4
stroke ,one cycle operation is completed in 4 stroke of the
piston, That is one cycle is completed in every 2 revolutions of
the crankshaft. Each stroke consist of 180°,of crankshaft
rotation and hence a cycle consist of 720°,of crankshaft
rotation.
Labelled Diagram of a 4-Stroke Engine
Working of Four Stroke Diesel Engine

Following are the four strokes:-

1 – Intake/Suction stroke
2 – Compression stroke
3 – Expansion stroke
4 – Exhaust stroke
1. Intake Stroke

In suction stroke piston starts at Top

Dead Center (TDC) of the cylinder and
moves to the Bottom Dead Center
(BDC).
Outlet valve will be closed
and inlet valve will be open to allowing
the fresh charge of mixed fuel & air
into the cylinder.
2 . Compression stroke

In compression stroke, Once piston

reaches BDC & moves back TDC, inlet
valve will be closed. As the piston
moves towards TDC. It compress air
inside the cylinder & compression takes
place. Hence it is called compression
stroke.
3. Power Stroke
In expansion stroke, Both the valves
are closed. When piston reaches top
of its stroke. the fuel is sprinkled by
the Fuel Injector and the fuel mixture
is ignited due to high temperature &
pressure generated inside the cylinder
& push down the piston to BDC.
Hence it is known as Power or
expansion stroke. The Power
generated in this stroke is stored in
the flywheel for its furthur utilisation
in the other strokes.
4. Exhaust stroke

In this stroke exhaust valve is opened

when piston reaches to BDC & moves
to upward.
Piston pushes out the burnt gases to the
atmosphere through the exhaust valve.
Hence called exhaust stroke & the
engine is ready to begin the cycle again.
 Two Stroke Diesel Engine
Two stroke engine is first described by Du gal Clerk in
1878.In two stroke engine one cycle is completed in every
revolution of crankshaft.
 Working of Two Stroke Engine

Two stroke engine is widely used employed where small

power required for motor cycle like auto rickshaw, scooter.
This type of engine is compact in size , easy for manufacturing
and simple in operation. In two stroke engine there are no inlet
or exhaust valve as in four stroke engine.
A two-stroke, or two-cycle, engine is a type of internal
combustion engine which completes a power cycle in
only one crankshaft revolution and with two strokes, or
up and down movements, of the piston in comparison to a
"four-stroke engine", which uses four strokes. This is
accomplished by the end of the combustion stroke and the
beginning of the compression stroke happening
simultaneously and performing the intake and exhaust (or
scavenging) functions at the same time.
Two-stroke engines often provide high power-to-weight
ratio, usually in a narrow range of rotational speeds called
the "power band". Compared to 4-stroke engines, they
have a greatly reduced number of moving parts, are more
compact and significantly lighter.
Compression Stroke

When piston moves from BDC to

TDC , it first closes the transfer
port & then exhaust port. The
charge of air-fuel mixture in the
chamber is pressurised & creates
high temperature.
At the same time a vacuum is developing in the crankcase,
so the fresh charge is being drawn into the. As the piston
moves towards TDC ,the diesel is added to the pressurised
and high tempratured gas which in turn ignites the whole
mixture inside the cylinder and forces the piston to move
downwards.
Combustion Stroke
In this stroke both the ports still closed
condition , the pressure of the
expanding gases forces the piston
towards BDC. The pressure in the
crankcase is already rising. Later in
down stroke exhaust port will be open
& force out the burnt gases.
Very shortly after that the Inlet / Transfer port will
also open to intake the fresh charge of fuel mixture
and engine is ready to start of the cycle.
Need of the Piston Crown in a
2-Stroke Engine

Deflector pistons are used in two-stroke engines with

crankcase compression, where the gas flow within the
cylinder must be carefully directed in order to provide
efficient scavenging. With cross scavenging, the
transfer (inlet to the cylinder) and exhaust ports are on
directly facing sides of the cylinder wall.
 To prevent the incoming mixture passing straight across
from one port to the other, the piston has a raised rib on its
crown. This is intended to deflect the incoming mixture
upwards, around the combustion chamber. Much effort, and
many different designs of piston crown, went into
developing improved scavenging. The crowns developed
from a simple rib to a large asymmetric bulge, usually with a
steep face on the inlet side and a gentle curve on the exhaust.
Despite this, cross scavenging was never as effective as
hoped. This places a pair of transfer ports in the sides of the
cylinder and encourages gas flow to rotate around a vertical
axis, rather than a horizontal axis.
 Transfer Port

The Main objective of the transfer port is to supply the

fuel from the crank to the cylinder. This is operated under
the pressure of the piston.
P-V Graph of Diesel Engine

P-V Graph of Diesel Engine

 Advantages & Disadvantages of
Two Stroke Engine

Advantages :-

• One cycle completed in every revolution of crankshaft.

• It is more compact , required less space and lighter in
weight than four stroke engine.
• The design & construction is much simpler than four
stroke engine.
• Easy to manufacture & low cost.
• There is no suction and exhaust valve used , hence no
need of cam , camshaft and rocker arm etc.
• Gives less torsional oscillation.
• Requires less spare parts.
• Easy for maintenance.
 Disadvantages :-
• High fuel consumption.
• Compression ratio and thermal efficiency is less than that
of four stroke engine of the same dimension.
• Consumes more lubricating oil.
• More wear & tear of moving parts hence it gives loud
noise.
 Difference between
4-Stroke Engine & 2-Stroke Engine

4-Stroke Engine 2-Stroke Engine

• One cycle completed in • One cycle completed in
every 2 revolution of every revolution of
crankshaft crankshaft
• More moving parts • Less moving parts
• More maintenance • Less maintenance
• Heavy in weight • Light in weight
• More expensive • Less expensive
 4-Stroke Engine 2-Stroke Engine
• Produce more pollution • Less pollution
• Long engine life • Short engine life
• Not required • Required a mix of oil to
• Complex design lubricate the crankshaft
• Simpler design