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Polynomials: Defining Polynomials Basic Operations

Polynomials are expressions consisting of terms joined together by addition or subtraction. The basic operations on polynomials are addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. To add or subtract polynomials, like terms are combined. To multiply polynomials, the distributive property, FOIL method, or box method can be used. To divide a polynomial by a monomial, each term of the polynomial is divided by the monomial.

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100% found this document useful (3 votes)
310 views32 pages

Polynomials: Defining Polynomials Basic Operations

Polynomials are expressions consisting of terms joined together by addition or subtraction. The basic operations on polynomials are addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. To add or subtract polynomials, like terms are combined. To multiply polynomials, the distributive property, FOIL method, or box method can be used. To divide a polynomial by a monomial, each term of the polynomial is divided by the monomial.

Uploaded by

Aizen Sousuke
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Polynomials

Defining Polynomials
Basic Operations
Polynomials
•Polynomials – series of terms joined together by adding or
subtracting
• 4x + 6x2, 20xy - 4, and 3a2 - 5a + 4 are all polynomials.

Term: a number or a product of a number and variables raised


to a power
Coefficient: the numerical factor of each term
Constant: the term without a variable.
Specific Terms for
Polynomials
Monomial: 1 term (axn with n is a non-negative integers, a
is a real number)
Ex: 3x, -3, or 4xy2z

Binomial: 2 terms
Ex: 3x - 5, or 4xy2z + 3ab

Trinomial: 3 terms
Ex: 4x2 + 2x - 3

Ex: 3x2 + x – 3
3x2 + 1x1 – 3x0
3x2 + 1x – 3x,0 ,Therefore, it is still the same
Polynomials
Example: 4x2 +3x-5

How many terms are there in example?

Answer: 3

Which are the coefficients in the example?

Answer: 4 and 3

Which is the constant?

Answer: 5
Property of Terms and Polynomials
Degree –The degree of a polynomial is the highest degree of its terms monomial

For example: 5x4 = 4th Degree term


7a3 = 3rd Degree term
3x2 = 2nd Degree term
2b = 1st Degree term
9= 0 Degree term

Another example= 8x3y2

Add up the powers of each variables to get the


degree of the term, therefore, 5th degree

x3+3x4+5+x+4x2
3x4+x3+4x2+x+5
Degree of Polynomials
Example: -3x4 – 4x2 + x – 1
Which are the terms are there in example?
Answer: -3x4 ,– 4x2,x, – 1
Which are the degree in the example?
Answer: 4,2,1,0
Which are the coefficient?
Answer: -3,-4,1,-1
Which is degree of this polynomial?
Answer: 4
Which is the constant of this polynomial?
Answer: -1
Basic
Operations
Adding Polynomials
Add: (x2 + 3x + 1) + (4x2 +5)

Step 1: Underline like terms:


(x2 + 3x + 1) + (4x2 +5)

Notice: ‘3x’ doesn’t have a like term.

Step 2: Add the coefficients of like terms, do not change


the powers of the variables:
(x2 + 4x2) + 3x + (1 + 5)
5x2 + 3x + 6
Adding Polynomials
Some people prefer to add polynomials by stacking them.
If you choose to do this, be sure to line up the like terms!
(x2 + 3x + 1)
(x2 + 3x + 1) + (4x2 +5) + (4x2 +5)
5x2 + 3x + 6

Stack and add these polynomials: (2a2+3ab+4b2) + (7a2+ab+-2b2)


(2a2 + 3ab + 4b2)
(2a2+3ab+4b2) + (7a2+ab+-2b2) + (7a2 + ab + -2b2)
9a2 + 4ab + 2b2
Adding Polynomials
• Add the following polynomials; you may stack them if you
prefer:

1) 3x  7x  3x  4x   6x3  3x


3 3

2) 2w  w  5  4w  7w  1 6w  8w  4


2 2 2

3) 2a  3a  5a  a  4a  3 
3 2 3

3a  3a  9a  3
3 2
Subtracting Polynomials
Subtract: (3x2 + 2x + 7) - (x2 + x + 4)

Step 1: Change subtraction to addition (Keep-Change-Change.).

(3x2 + 2x + 7) + (- x2 + - x + - 4)

Step 2: Underline OR line up the like terms and add.

(3x2 + 2x + 7)
+ (- x2 + - x + - 4)
2x2 + x + 3
Subtracting Polynomials
• Subtract the following polynomials by changing to
addition (Keep-Change-Change.), then add:

1) x  x  4 3x  4x  1 2x  3x  5 2


2 2

2) 9y  3y  1 2y  y  9 7y  4y  10


2 2 2

3) 2g  g  9 g  3g  3  g  g  g  12


2 3 2 3 2
Subtracting Polynomials
• Subtract the following polynomials by changing to
addition (Keep-Change-Change.), then add:

1) x  x  4 3x  4x  1 2x  3x  5 2


2 2

2) 9y  3y  1 2y  y  9 7y  4y  10


2 2 2

3) 2g  g  9 g  3g  3  g  g  g  12


2 3 2 3 2
Multiplying Polynomials
There are three techniques you can
use for multiplying polynomials.
1)Distributive Property
2)FOIL
3)Box Method
Multiplying Polynomials
Multiply. (2x + 3)(5x + 8)
Using the distributive property, multiply
2x(5x + 8) + 3(5x + 8).
10x2 + 16x + 15x + 24
Combine like terms.
10x2 + 31x + 24
A shortcut of the distributive property is called the
FOIL method.
Multiplying Polynomials

• The FOIL method is ONLY used when you


multiply 2 binomials. It is an acronym and
tells you which terms to multiply.

2) Use the FOIL method to multiply the


following binomials:
(y + 3)(y + 7).
Multiplying Polynomials

(y + 3)(y + 7).
F tells you to multiply the FIRST
terms of each binomial.

y2
Multiplying Polynomials

(y + 3)(y + 7).
O tells you to multiply the OUTER
terms of each binomial.

y2 + 7y
Multiplying Polynomials

(y + 3)(y + 7).
I tells you to multiply the INNER
terms of each binomial.

• y2 + 7y + 3y
Multiplying Polynomials

(y + 3)(y + 7).
L tells you to multiply the LAST
terms of each binomial.
y2 + 7y + 3y + 21=
y2 + 10y + 21
Multiplying Polynomials
The third method is the Box Method. This
method works for every problem!
Here’s how you do it.
Multiply (3x – 5)(5x + 2)
Draw a box. Write a 3x -5
polynomial on the top and
side of a box. It does not
matter which goes where.
This will be modeled in the
5x
next problem along with
FOIL. +2
Multiplying Polynomials

3) Multiply (3x - 5)(5x + 2)


First terms: 15x2
3x -5
Outer terms: +6x
Inner terms: -25x
Last terms: -10
5x 15x2 -25x
Combine like terms.
15x2 - 19x – 10 +2 +6x -10
Multiplying Polynomials

3) Multiply (3x - 5)(5x + 2)


First terms: 15x2
3x -5
Outer terms: +6x
Inner terms: -25x
Last terms: -10
5x 15x2 -25x
Combine like terms.
15x2 - 19x – 10 +2 +6x -10
Multiplying Polynomials
4) Multiply (7p - 2)(3p - 4)
First terms: 21p2
Outer terms: -28p 7p -2
Inner terms: -6p
Last terms: +8 3p 21p2 -6p
Combine like terms.
21p2 – 34p + 8
-4 -28p +8
Multiplying Polynomials
4) Multiply (7p - 2)(3p - 4)

First terms: 21p2


Outer terms: -28p
7p -2
Inner terms: -6p
Last terms: +8 3p 21p2 -6p
Combine like terms.
21p2 – 34p + 8
-4 -28p +8
Dividing Polynomials

• The objective is to be able to divide a


polynomial by a monomial.

( 6x  3)  3x
2
Dividing Polynomials
Step 1
( 6x  3)  3x
2

Divide each term of the polynomial by


the monomial.

2
6x 3

3x 3x
Dividing Polynomials
Step 2
2
6x 3

3x 3x
• Factor each expression

2  3 x  x 3

3 x 3 x
Dividing Polynomials
Step 3
2  3 x  x 3

3 x 3 x
Divide out the common factors in each expression.

2  3  x 
2  3 x  x x  3 3 The numbers

3  x  3  x
and variables
3 x 3 x which are
crossed out
divide out to 1.
Dividing Polynomials
Step 4

2  3 x  x 3

3 x 3 x

1
2x 
x
Dividing Polynomials

8x  3x  24x


3

8x 3
3x
Divide each term of the polynomial 
by the monomial. 24 x 24 x
8 x  x
2
3 x
Factor each expression. 
3 8  x 3 8  x
8  x  x2 3 x
Divide out the common factors in 
each expression. 3 8  x 3 8  x
2
x 1
Write in simplified form. 
3 8
Dividing Polynomials

(12x  2x  3)  2x
2
12 x 2 2 x 3
Divide each term of the polynomial  
by the monomial. 2x 2x 2x
2 6 x  x 2 x 3
Factor each expression.  
2x 2  x 2x
Divide out the common factors in 2 6 x  x 2 x 3
 
each expression.
2x 2  x 2x
3
Write in simplified form. 6x  1 
2x

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