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Database Management System 1: Chapter 2 Data Models

The document discusses data modeling and the evolution of data models. It describes 3 levels of data abstraction: external model representing end users' views, conceptual model providing a global view for the organization, and internal model representing how the database is structured internally in the DBMS. Different data models are covered, from hierarchical to relational to object-oriented models, highlighting their basic components and representations.

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29 views

Database Management System 1: Chapter 2 Data Models

The document discusses data modeling and the evolution of data models. It describes 3 levels of data abstraction: external model representing end users' views, conceptual model providing a global view for the organization, and internal model representing how the database is structured internally in the DBMS. Different data models are covered, from hierarchical to relational to object-oriented models, highlighting their basic components and representations.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 1

Chapter 2 Data Models

Johaira U. Lidasan, MCS


Data Modeling and Data Models

Data modeling – refers to the process of creating a


specific data model for a determined problem
domain. It is an iterative, progressive process.
Problem domain – is a clearly defined area within the
real world environment, with well defined scope
and boundaries, that is to be systematically
addressed
Data model – is a relatively simple representation,
usually graphical, of more complex real-world data
structures

2
The Importance of Data Models

Data models can facilitate interaction among the


designer, the application programmer and the end
user. It is communication tool.

3
Data Model Basic Building Blocks

Entity – is anything about which data are to be


collected and stored
- represents a particular type of object in the
real world
Attribute – is a characteristic of an entity
Relationship – describes an association among entities
• One-to-many relationship
• Many-to-many relationship
• One-to-one relationship
Constraint – is a restriction placed on the data

4
Business Rules

Business rule – is a brief, precise and unambiguous


description of a policy, procedure or principle within
a specific organization

Example:
• A customer may generate many invoices
• An invoice is generated by only one customer
• A training session cannot be scheduled for fewer
than 10 employees or for more than 30 employees

5
Evolution of Data Models

Hierarchical model – was developed in the 1960s to


manage large amounts of data for complex
manufacturing projects.
- its basic logical structure is represented by an
upside-down tree

6
Evolution of Data Models

Network model – was created to represent complex


data relationships more effectively than the
hierarchical model, to improve database
performance and impose a database standard

7
Evolution of Data Models

Relational model – was introduced in 1970 by E.F. Codd (of


IBM)
- describes a precise set of data manipulation
constructs based on advanced mathematical concepts
Relation – sometimes called a table
- matrix composed of intersecting rows and
columns.
Tuple – row in a relation
Attribute – column represents an attribute
Relational Diagram – is a representation of the relational
database’s entities, the attributes within those entities
and the relationships between those entities

8
Evolution of Data Models

Relational diagram

9
Evolution of Data Models

Entity Relationship Model


- has become a widely accepted standard for data
modeling
- graphical representation of entities and their
relationships in a database structure

Peter Chen – first introduced the ER data model in 1976


2 Components of ERM:
1. Entity – defined as anything about which data are to
be collected and stored
2. Relationships – describes associations among data

10
Evolution of Data Models

Entity Relationship Model

11
Evolution of Data Models

Object-Oriented Data Model


- both data and their relationships are contain in a
single structure known as OBJECT
- typically depicted using Unified Modeling
Language class diagrams

Class Diagrams – are used to represent data and their


relationships within the larger UML object-oriented
systems modeling language

12
Evolution of Data Models

Components of OO data model


• Object – is an abstraction of a real-world entity
• Attributes – describe the properties of an object
• Class – is a collection of similar objects with shared
structure (attributes) and behaviour (methods)
• Class hierarchy – resembles an upside-down tree in
which each class has only one parent
• Inheritance – is the ability of an object within the
class hierarchy to inherit the attributes and methods
of the classes above it

13
Evolution of Data Models

Object-Oriented Model

14
Degrees of Data Abstraction

• Database designer starts with an abstract view of


the overall data environment and add details as
the design comes closer to implementation

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)


Standards Planning and Requirements Committee –
defined framework for data modeling based on
degrees of data abstraction

15
Degrees of Data Abstraction

3 Levels of Data Abstraction


1. External Model – is the end users’ view of the data
environment
o External schema – specific representation of an external view
o ER Diagrams – used to represent the external views

16
Degrees of Data Abstraction

External Model Example

17
Degrees of Data Abstraction

3 Levels of Data Abstraction


2. Conceptual Model – represents a global view of
the entire database as viewed by the entire
organization
- integrates all external views (entities,
relationships, constraints and processes)
into a single global view of the entire data
in the enterprise
o Conceptual schema – basis for the identification and high-level
description of the main data objects. It is independent of both software
and hardware.

18
Degrees of Data Abstraction

Conceptual Model Example

19
Degrees of Data Abstraction

3 Levels of Data Abstraction


3. Internal Model – is the representation of the
database as “seen” by the DBMS

o Internal schema – depicts a specific representation of an internal model,


using the database constructs supported by the chosen database

20
Degrees of Data Abstraction

Internal Model Example

21

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