The Cardiovascular System
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arif wicaksonoThe Cardiovascular System
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arif wicaksonoCardiovascular Physiology
Functions of Cardiovascular System :
1. Transport and exchange of gases:
Carries oxygen for aerobic respiration from lungs to tissues.
Picks up carbon dioxide from tissues and releases it in lungs.
2. Transport nutrients (from digestive system to cells)
3. Transport hormones (from glands to target cells).
4. Transport metabolic waste (to excretory organs)
5. Distribution of metabolic heat and maintenance of body
temperature.
The Cardiovascular System
Main Components:
Heart (Pump)
Blood vessels:
– Arteries and arterioles
– Veins and venules
– Capillaries
Blood
Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
The Heart - the Heart Beat
Cardiac muscle contraction
Pacemakers and Cardiac muscle action potentials
The electrocardiogram (ECG)
Cardiac Muscle Cell
Ca2+
Voltage gated Calcium channels
Actin + Myosin filaments
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Cardiac Muscle Cell
Ca2+
DEPOLARISATION
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Cardiac Muscle Cell
Ca2+ INCREASE IN CYTOPLASM
Ca2+
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Cardiac Muscle Cell
CONTRACTION
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
The Initiation of heart beat
Myocardial Autorhythmic Cells
• Certain heart cells (SA, AV node and Purkinje) show intrinsic
automaticity: the ability to generate a heart beat. Consequently
the heart does not require nerve input to beat.
• The SA node has the fastest pacemaker potential (~80-100
b.p.min) and is the primary pacemaker.
• The fastest pacemaker normally drives the heart and suppresses
other pacemakers.
• The atrioventricular node has the next fastest rhythm (~40-60
beats/min) followed by cells in the bundle of His (15-30).
• Atrial & ventricular myocytes have no pacemaker activity.
Pacemaker (Sinoatrial node): Specialized structure
that sends electrical impulses that causes both
atria and ventricles to contract.
Coordinating the Pump: Electrical Signal
Flow
Autorhythmic Cells: Initiation of Signals
Ionic composition of cardiac cells similar to neurones, therefore same principles
Of ion/charge movement apply.
cardiac APs in general
1 Phases of the AP
Purkinje fiber membrane potential (mV)
2 0 – Rapid depolarisation
0
1 – Partial repolarisation
0 3 2 – Plateau
-50 4 3 – Repolarisation
4 – Pacemaker potential
200 msec
SA Node Action Potentials
Slow, Ca2+-dependent
upstroke
SA node membrane potential (mV)
0 K+-dependent
repolarization
-50
No resting potential
200 msec
AV Node Action Potentials
Similar to SA node
Latent pacemaker
AV node membrane potential (mV)
Slow, Ca2+-dependent
0
upstroke
SA node
Slow conduction (delay)
K+-dependent
-50 repolarization
AV node
200 msec
Ventricular Muscle Action Potential
Ventricular muscle membrane potential (mV)
Resting Potential (-80 to
-90 mV)
0 Rapid, Na+-dependent
upstroke
Ca2+-sensitive plateau
-50
K+-dependent
repolarization
Contraction
200 msec
Prolonged Ca2+ entry causes myocyte contraction
Long refractory periods works to prevent cardiac muscle tetanus
The Normal Heart Beat
• 60 beats / min
• 86 400 beats / day
• 3.2 x 107 beats / year
Adaptability of the Heart Beat
Changing demands change heart beat
Range: 40 – 200 beats / min.
How is the Heart rate modulated?
Nervous system modulation of Heart rate
• Sympathetic – speeds heart rate by Ca++ & I-f channel
flow
• Parasympathetic – slows rate by K+ efflux & Ca++
influx
The shape of the action potential depends on cell type and its
function in the conduction pathway
The nervous system controls heart rate my modulating the
pacemaker cells
iv. Electrocardiogram
Cardiac Action Potentials and the ECG
0.12-0.2 s approx. 0.44 s
PR QT
ECG
SA
Atria
AV
Purkinje
Ventricle
Atria Ventricles
depolarise depolarise
ECG Information Gained
• (Non-invasive)
• Heart Rate
• Signal conduction
• Heart tissue
General Summary
The Heart has autorhythmic cells which initiate the heart beat, providing
The electrical stimulus for muscle contraction.
These signals propagate through the conduction system via gap
junctions
The action potential properties vary depending on cell type in the heart.
The electrical activity of the heart can be detected non invasively in the ECG.
This can give specific information about heart defects
