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Sampling Sampling Errors

This document discusses different sampling methods and sampling errors. It defines key terms like population, sample, and sampling. It then describes various probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, and double sampling. For each method it provides details on how the sampling is conducted and advantages. It concludes by defining sampling errors as deviations that occur when using a sample instead of the entire population to make inferences.

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Ashu Srivastav
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41 views

Sampling Sampling Errors

This document discusses different sampling methods and sampling errors. It defines key terms like population, sample, and sampling. It then describes various probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, and double sampling. For each method it provides details on how the sampling is conducted and advantages. It concludes by defining sampling errors as deviations that occur when using a sample instead of the entire population to make inferences.

Uploaded by

Ashu Srivastav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 Sampling

 Sampling Errors
Sampling
 Sample: Unit that selected from population .It is the
representatives of the population
 Population :The entire group of people of interest from
whom the researcher needs to obtain information.
 Sampling: The process of selecting observations (a
sample) to provide an adequate description and
inferences of the population.
Probability Sampling
 Probability sampling involves the selection of a sample
from a population, based on the principle of
randomization or chance.
 For example, if conducting a telephone
survey, the researcher needs to reach the specific sampled
person, by calling back several times, to get
an accurate sample.
 Random samples are most likely to yield a sample that truly
represents the population.
Probability Sampling Methods
 Simple Random Sampling
 Stratified Random Sampling
 Cluster Sampling
 Double Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
 In this each member of a population has equal chance
of being in sample
 Also each combination of members of the population
has an equal chance of composing the sample
 In simple random sampling, a research develops
an accurate sampling frame, selects
elements from sampling frame according to mathemat
ically random procedure, then locates the exact
element that was selected for inclusion in the sample
Systematic random sampling
 Is simple random sampling with a short cut for random
selection.
 Instead of using a list of random
numbers, researcher calculates a sampling interval.
 The sampling interval (i.e. 1 in K where K
is some number) tells the
researcher how to select elements from a sampling frame
by skipping elements in the frame before one
for the sample.
 Sampling interval = Population Size
Sample Siz e
Stratified Random Sampling
 Stratified Random Sampling, also sometimes
called proportional or quota random sampling,
involves dividing your population into homogeneous
subgroups and then taking a simple random sample in
each subgroup .
 When the population is heterogeneous, the
use of simple random sample may not
produce representative sample.
Advantages
 Increase a sample's statistical efficiency.
Stratified random sampling provides the
assurance that the sample will accurately
reflect the population on
the basis of criterion or criteria used for
stratification.
 To provide adequate data for analyzing the
various subpopulations.
 To enable different research methods and
procedures to be used in different strata.
Cluster Sampling
Cluster sampling refers to a sampling method that has
the following properties.
 The population is divided into N groups,
called clusters.
 The researcher randomly selects n clusters to include
in the sample.
 The number of observations within each cluster Mi is
known, and M = M1 + M2 + M3 + ... + MN-1 + MN.
 Each element of the population can be assigned to
one, and only one, cluster.
Double Sampling
A sampling design where initially a sample
is used in study to collect some
preliminary information of interest, and later a sub-
sample of this primary sample is used to examine the
matter in more detail, is called double sampling.
 Identifies a subsample of cases after the initial
selection is made (Neyman,1938).
Sampling Errors
 The deviation of the selected sample from the true
characteristics, traits, behaviors, qualities or figures of
the entire population.
 In statistics, sampling error is the error caused by
observing a sample instead of the whole population.
 The sampling error is the difference between a sample
statistic used to estimate a population parameter and
the actual but unknown value of the parameter (Bunns
& Grove, 2009)
Reasons
 Occurs because researchers draw different subjects
from the same population but still, the subjects have
individual differences.
 Also sample, is only a subset of the entire population;
therefore, there may be a difference between the
sample and population.

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