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Solution of The Nonlinear Finite Element Equations in Nonlinear FEM

This document discusses various techniques for solving nonlinear finite element equations in static analysis, including the Newton-Raphson method. It describes applying Newton-Raphson iterations to systems with multiple degrees of freedom to find the equilibrium state where the residual vector equals zero. The full Newton-Raphson method, initial stress method, and modified Newton-Raphson method are presented, along with demonstrations of convergence behavior and considerations for achieving quadratic convergence in finite element analysis. Line searches and the BFGS method are also introduced as effective schemes for computing the solution.

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Akshay Venugopal
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101 views

Solution of The Nonlinear Finite Element Equations in Nonlinear FEM

This document discusses various techniques for solving nonlinear finite element equations in static analysis, including the Newton-Raphson method. It describes applying Newton-Raphson iterations to systems with multiple degrees of freedom to find the equilibrium state where the residual vector equals zero. The full Newton-Raphson method, initial stress method, and modified Newton-Raphson method are presented, along with demonstrations of convergence behavior and considerations for achieving quadratic convergence in finite element analysis. Line searches and the BFGS method are also introduced as effective schemes for computing the solution.

Uploaded by

Akshay Venugopal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solution of the Nonlinear Finite Element

Equations in Static Analysis Part I

Dr. Jayaraj Kochupillai


Professor
C. E. T
Contents
• Short review of Newton-Raphson iteration for the root of a
single equation
• Newton-Raphson iteration for multiple degree of freedom
systems
• Derivation of governing equations by Taylor series expansion
• Initial stress, modified Newton-Raphson and full Newton-
Raphson methods
• Demonstrative simple example
• Line searches
• The Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) method
• Computations in the BFGS method as an effective scheme
• Flow charts of modified Newton-Raphson, BFGS, and full
Newton-Raphson methods
• Convergence criteria and tolerances
• The FE equations we derive in the previous
lectures
(i ) t + Δt t + Δt (i 1)
t
K ΔU = R F
t + Δt (i ) t + Δt (i 1) (i )
U = U + ΔU i = 1,2,3, 
• Various techniques of iteration and
convergence criteria are discussed in this
lecture
SOLUTION of NONLINEAR EQUATIONS
The procedures used are based on the Newton-
Raphson method (commonly used to find the
roots of an equation)
.A historical note:
– Newton gave a version of the method in 1669.
– Raphson generalized and presented the method in
1690.
Both mathematicians used the same concept, and
both algorithms gave the same numerical results.
Iteration 1
Iteration 2
Iteration 3
Iteration 4
• Newton-Raphson iterations for multiple
degrees of freedom
• We would like to solve

where now f is a vector (one row for each degree


of freedom). For equilibrium, each row in f must
equal zero.
• This iteration scheme is referred to as the full
Newton-Raphson method (we update the
stiffness matrix in each iteration).
• The full Newton-Raphson iteration shows
mathematically quadratic convergence when
solving for the root of an algebraic equation.
• In finite element analysis, a number of
requirements must be fulfilled (for example,
the updating of stresses, rotations need
careful attention) to actually achieve quadratic
convergence.
• We can depict the iteration process in two
equivalent ways
Wenote:
• The initial stress method and the modified
Newton method are much less expensive than
the full Newton method per iteration.
• However, many more iterations are necessary
to achieve the same accuracy.
• The initial stress method and the modified
Newton method "cannot“ exhibit quadratic
convergence.
• Example: One degree of freedom, two load
steps
Initial stress method τ = 0
• One degree of freedom, two load steps
Line searches
BFGS (Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-
Shanno) method
• The BFGS method is an iterative
algorithm which produces successive
approximations to an effective stiffness
matrix (actually, to its inverse).
• A compromise between the full Newton
method and the modified Newton
method

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