GROUP 1 REPORT

EEEC-313A
BSME-3B
TOOLS, INSTRUMENTS/EQUIPMENT IN EE
• Hand Tools
1. LINESMAN PLIERS- Used by electricians and other
tradesmen primarily for gripping, twisting, bending
and cutting wire and cable.

2. NEEDLE-NOSE PLIERS- are both cutting and holding

pliers used by artisans, jewellery designers,
electricians, network engineers and other tradesmen to
bend, re-position and snip wire. Other variation is the
bent nose pliers.
3. DIAGONAL PLIERS (or wire cutters)- are pliers intended
for the cutting of wire. The plane defined by the cutting
edges of the jaws intersects the joint rivet at an angle
or "on a diagonal", hence the name.

4. WIRE STRIPPER- A wire stripper is a small, hand-held

device used to strip the electrical insulation from electric
wires.

5. WIRE CRIMPER- Joining 2 pieces of metal or other

ductile material (usually a wire and a metal plate) by
deforming one or both of them to hold the other.
6. TWEEZERS- are small tools used for picking up objects
too small to be easily handled with the human fingers.

7. SCREWDRIVER- A screwdriver is a tool, manual or

powered, for screwing (installing) and unscrewing
(removing) screws.

8. PRECISION SCREWDRIVER- a smaller screwdriver for

precise sizes of the screws.

9. FISH TAPE-is a tool used by electricians to route new

wiring through walls and electrical conduit. Made of a
narrow band of spring steel, by careful manipulation,
the tape can be guided through confined spaces such as
wall cavities.
10. PUSH-PULL RULE/TAPE MEASURE- is a measuring tape
that coils into a compact case. Its design allows for a
measure of great length to be easily carried in pocket or
toolkit and permits one to measure around curves or
corners.

11. FLASHLIGHT- is a portable hand-held electric light.

12. ELECTRICAL TAPE- is a type of pressure-sensitive tape

used to insulate electrical wires and other materials that
conduct electricity. It can be made of many plastics, but
vinyl is most popular, as it stretches well and gives an
effective and long lasting insulation.
• BENCH TOOLS
1. SOLDERING IRON/GUN- A soldering iron/gun is a hand tool
used in soldering. It supplies heat to melt solder so that it can
flow into the joint between two workpieces. Soldering irons are
most often used for installation, repairs, and limited production
work in electronics assembly.

2. NON-CONTACT VOLTAGE TESTER- A non-contact voltage

tester is a tool used for determining the presence of AC
voltage (electricity) without touching the wires or items in
questions. The sensing tip may be sized to fit into an electrical
outlet to check for power at that outlet. The tester indicates the
presence of nearby voltage with a visual indicator (such as a
light) and/or sound.
3. ELECTRIC DRILL- A drill is a tool primarily used for making
round holes or driving fasteners. It is fitted with a bit, either a
drill or driver, depending on application, secured by a chuck.

4. MULTIMETER- A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a

VOM (volt-ohm-milliammeter), is an electronic measuring
instrument that combines several measurement functions in one
unit. A typical multimeter can measure voltage, current, and
resistance. Analog multimeters use a microammeter with a
moving pointer to display readings. Digital multimeters
(DMM, DVOM) have a numeric display, and may also show a
graphical bar representing the measured value. Digital
multimeters are now far more common due to their lower cost
and greater precision, but analog multimeters are still
preferable in some cases, for example when monitoring a
rapidly varying value.
5. OSCILLOSCOPE- An oscilloscope is a laboratory instrument
commonly used to display and analyze the waveform of
electronic signals. In effect, the device draws a graph of the
instantaneous signal voltage as a function of time.

6. SIGNAL GENERATOR- A signal generator is piece of test

equipment that produces an electrical signal in the form of a
wave. This is used as a stimulus for the item being tested. Signal
generators in all their forms are widely used within test and
development systems, being used with other test instruments.

End of tools
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE ELEMENTS
• Electronic systems are built around analog and
digital components. They comprise resistors,
capacitors, diodes, inductor, operational amplifiers
and transistors.
• These components are often called active and
passive elements.
ACTIVE ELEMENT
• Active components control the charge flow in electronic circuits. By definition,
active elements generate energy for any device. It is the core component to
operate any device. The two parameters to consider for proper device
operation are current and voltage.
• Hence the voltage and current in a circuit may be boosted or stepped down
based on the flow of electrons injected by an active device.
• An active component without doubt, amplifies the power of a signal (voltage
or current).
• Components like Diodes, Transistors, voltage operated devices, Vacuum tubes,
voltage and current sources comes under active elements.
2 SECTIONS OF ACTIVE ELEMENT

1. VOLTAGE CONTROLLED SOURCES- Voltage controlled devices produce

their output current depending upon the input voltage. An example of this is
BJT (Bipolar junction transistor) which is a voltage controlled device that
supplies static voltage as a control signal.

2. CURRENT CONTROLLED SOURCES- Current controlled active

devices works on input current restraining another current. An example is
FET (Field Effect Transistor) which is a tension controlled device as its input
impedance is high and it needs little current to operate.
PASSIVE ELEMENT
• Passive elements are quite opposite to active ones. They don’t require any
external voltage to perform their job.
• But they are not capable to provide energy on their own. They require assistance
from active devices.
• Example of passive elements are resistor, capacitor, inductor etc.
• For example, a resistor is a versatile component used as pull up or pull down
resistor in most of the hardware design.
• Another application is we can use the pull-up and pull-down as control signal
from the microcontroller interrupt to turn and turn off external devices.
• Electronic systems are build around
analog and digital components.

• They comprise resistors, capacitors,

diodes, inductor, operational amplifiers
and transistors.

• Active and Passive components are

present almost in every electronic circuit.
They are required to build efficient
electronic products that meet the real time
and user friendly applications.
COMPARISON BETWEEN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
ACTIVE ELEMENT PASSIVE ELEMENT
• Produces energy to another circuit in • Impervious in nature i.e. cannot
the form of voltage or current. supply any energy (voltage or
current)
• Not capable to control current on
• Controls current direction their own.
• Have function of gain for electronic • Not able to provide power gain and
circuits. solely depends upon active devices.
• Used for current control and voltage • Used for energy storage, discharge,
control applications oscillating, filtering and phase
shifting applications.
RESISTOR COLOR CODE
• Resistor values are often indicated with color codes. Practically all leaded
resistors with a power rating up to one watt are marked with color bands.

• The color code is given by several bands. Together they specify the resistance
value, the tolerance and sometimes the reliability or failure rate.
• The number of bands varies from three till six. As a minimum, two bands
indicate the resistance value and one band serves as multiplier. The resistance
values are standardized, these values are called preferred value.
RESISTOR COLOR CODE CHART
TIPS FOR READING RESISTOR CODES

• The reading direction might not always be clear. Sometimes the increased
space between band 3 and 4 give away the reading direction. Also, the first
band is usually the closest to a lead. A gold or silver band (the tolerance) is
always the last band.
• It is a good practice to check the manufacturer’s documentation to be sure
about the used coding system. Even better is to measure the resistance with a
multi-meter. In some cases this might even be the only way to figure out the
resistance; for example when the color bands are burnt off.
4 BAND RESISTOR
The four band color code is the most common variation.
These resistors have two bands for the resistance value,
one multiplier and one tolerance band. In the example
on the left these bands are green, blue, red and gold.
By using the color code chart, one finds that green
stands for 5 and blue for 6. The value is thus 56·100
=5600 Ω. The golden band means that the resistor has a
tolerance of 5%. The resistance value lies therefore
between 5320 and 5880 Ω.
If the tolerance band would be left blank, the result is a
3 band resistor. This means that the resistance value
remains the same, but the tolerance is 20%.
5 BAND RESISTOR
Resistors with high precision have an extra band to
indicate a third significant digit. Therefore, the first
three bands indicate the significant digits, the
fourth band is the multiply factor and the fifth
band represents the tolerance. There are
exceptions to this. For example, sometimes the extra
band indicates failure rate (military specification)
or temperature coefficient (older or specialized
resistors). Please read the section “Color code
exceptions” for more information.
Shown example: brown (1), yellow (4), purple (7),
black (x1), green (0.5%): 147 Ω 0.5%.
6 BAND RESISTOR
Resistors with 6 bands are usually for high precision
resistors that have an additional band to specify
the temperature coefficient (ppm/K). The most
common color for the sixth band is brown (100
ppm/K). This means that for a temperature change
of 10 ˚C, the resistance value can change 0.1%.
For special applications where temperature
coefficient is critical other colors
Shown example: orange (3), red (2), brown (1),
green (x10), brown (1%), red(50 ppm/K): 3.21 k Ω
1% 50 ppm/K.
COLOR CODE EXCEPTIONS
• Reliability band
-Resistors that are produced according to military specifications,
sometimes include an extra band to indicate reliability. This is specified in
failure rate (%) per 1000 hours of service. This is rarely used in commercial
electronics. Mostly the reliability band can be found on four band resistors.
More information about the reliability can be found in the US military handbook
MIL-HDBK-199.
• Single black band or zero-ohm resistor
-A resistor with a single black band is called a zero-ohm resistor.
Principally it is a wire link with only function of connecting traces on a PCB.
Using the resistor package has the advantage of being able to use the same
automated machines to place components on a circuit board.
• 5 band resistor with a 4th band of gold or silver
-Five band resistors with a fourth band of gold or silver form an
exception, and are used on specialized and older resistors. The first two bands
represent the significant digits, the 3th the multiply factor, the 4th the tolerance
and the 5th the temperature coefficient (ppm/K).

• Deviating colors
-For high voltage resistors often the colors gold and silver are replaced
with yellow and gray. This is to prevent having metal particles in the coating.
MEMBERS REFERENCES

REGINALDO JOHN • https://www.pacrad.com/blog/top-10-

electrical-tools-that-every-beginner-and-pro-
DELA ROSA STEPHANIE electrician-needs/
• https://www.slideshare.net/LutherMolina/ele
RIOS KEVIN ctrical-tools-and-equipment
• Wikipedia.org
DE LARA DIENN SAMANTHA • https://www.codrey.com/dc-circuits/active-
and-passive-elements
DIAZ JAYSON • http://www.resistorguide.com/resistor-color-
code
SIBUG GIAN
MANALO IVANNE
SANCHEZ LAWRENCE
END OF REPORT