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Hydrogen Production From Biomass

This document discusses various routes for producing hydrogen from biomass, including thermochemical processes like pyrolysis, gasification, and steam reforming, as well as biological processes involving microbial conversion and photobiology. It provides details on the mechanisms and requirements for each process. The focus of ongoing research is on improving pyrolysis to achieve desired bio-oil compositions, developing better membrane technologies and intensifying gasification, identifying superior catalysts for reforming, and enhancing microbial and photo biological hydrogen production rates and yields. Safety issues around hydrogen storage and transportation are also addressed.

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Amey Bodke
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445 views24 pages

Hydrogen Production From Biomass

This document discusses various routes for producing hydrogen from biomass, including thermochemical processes like pyrolysis, gasification, and steam reforming, as well as biological processes involving microbial conversion and photobiology. It provides details on the mechanisms and requirements for each process. The focus of ongoing research is on improving pyrolysis to achieve desired bio-oil compositions, developing better membrane technologies and intensifying gasification, identifying superior catalysts for reforming, and enhancing microbial and photo biological hydrogen production rates and yields. Safety issues around hydrogen storage and transportation are also addressed.

Uploaded by

Amey Bodke
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SR.

NO INDEX
1 INTRODUCTION
2 ROUTES FOR PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN
FROM BIOMASS

3 THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESS
4 BIOLOGICAL PROCESS
5 RESEARCH FOCUS
6 SAFTY AND STORAGE
6 CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
 The first element on the periodic table.
 The lightest, most explosive and most abundant element
on earth.
 Cleanest fuel (zero emission of CO2).
 Hydrogen has the highest energy content per unit mass.
 About 95% of hydrogen is produced from fossil fuels.
 Hydrogen produce from biomass is sustainable energy
carrier for promising alternative to fossil fuel.
 Hydrogen production from biomass also generates
valuable co-product.
Parameters Unit value

Molecular weight 2.016

Density Kg/m3 0.0838

Boiling temperature K 20.3

Density as liquid Kg/m3 70.8

Critical point temperature K 32.94

Critical point pressure Bar 12.84

Critical point density Kg/m3 31.40

Self ignition temperature K 858

Ignition limits in air (Vol. %) 4-75

Stoichiometric mix in air (Vol. %) 29.53

Diffusion coefficient Cm2/S 0.61

Flame temperature in air K 2,318

Specific heat (Cp) KJ/(Kg.K) 14.89


Production method
 Thermochemical
1. Pyrolysis
2. Gasification
3. Steam reforming
4. Supercritical water gasification
5. Electrolysis
 Biological
1. Microbial conversion
2. Photobiologoical
Pyrolysis
 Pyrolysis can be defined as the process in which organic
matter is heated in the absence of air/oxygen
 Pyrolysis yield mainly bio char at low temperature at
below 500°C
 At intermediate temperature and under relatively high
rating rates the main product is bio oil
 The products are mainly gases at temperature upto 800°C
and high heating rates
Gasification
 The gasification is a thermal treatment which
decomposes biomass to produce gaseous product.
 Temperature range for this process is 875-1275K.
 Gasification plants for bio-fuel are being built and
operated and can provide best practices and lessons
learned for hydrogen production.
1. Simplified reaction:
Biomass + O₂ + H₂O → H₂ + CO + CO₂ + (other species)
2. Water gas shift:
CO + H₂O → H₂ + CO₂
Steam reforming
 Steam reforming is method for producing H₂, CO and
other product from hydrocarbon such as bio-oil.
 In recent year hydrogen production via steam reforming
from bio-oil with the help of catalyst has attracted more
and more attraction.
 Temperature range for this process 1025-1125K.
 Reaction:
 Bio-oil + H₂O → H₂ + CO₂ + (CHs)
Electrolysis
 Promising method for producing H₂.
 World wide 4% of hydrogen produce by this method.
 Simple and efficient but expensive technology.
 Breaking of chemical bonds present in water into
hydrogen and oxygen.
 Electricity needed for this process can be obtained from
biomass.
Supercritical water gasification
 Wet biomass is converted to hydrogen.
 Mechanism to produce hydrogen depends upon the
composition of biomass (lignin, hemicellulose and
cellulose)
 SCW is at high temperature 374°C and pressure of 22.1
MPa is used.
 SCW produces high conversion rate of hydrogen with CO₂
CO and C1-C4 hydrocarbon.
Microbial conversion of biomass by
fermentation
 Microorganisms consumes and digest biomass to release
Hydrogen
 Anaerobic bacteria are responsible for biochemical
transformation of a wide variety of waste material
 Valuable co product methane is produced
 New type of technology and research in going on to
improve many aspects of system.
Photo biological process
 This process uses microorganisms and sunlight to turn
water and organic waste matter in hydrogen
 Micro-organisms such as green microalgae or
Cyanobacteria use sunlight to spilt water into oxygen and
hydrogen
 Reaction:
2H⁺ + Fdred + 4ATP →H₂ + 2Fdox + 4ADP + Pi
Research focus
 Pyrolysis
1. Research is going on to achieve desired composition of
condensable vapour (bio-oil)
 Biomass gasification
1. Replacing new membrane technologies to better separate
and purify Hydrogen from gas stream produce
2. Intensifying of the process
3. Improved agricultural practices and breeding efforts
should result in low and feedstock cost
 Reforming
1. Hydrogen reforming technology.
2. Research is needed to identify better catalyst to
improve yield and selectivity.
 Microbial conversion
1. Improving the rates and yield of H₂ production from
fermentation process.
2. Intensification of process.
 Photo biological process
1. Improving the activity of enzyme.
2. Developing strain that efficiently use the sun
light and other input to increase H₂ production.
Liquid Hydrogen
 NASA has used hydrogen as rocket fuel since 1940's
 Production of liquid Hydrogen requires use of liquefiers
 The conventional liquefiers used are Linde-Hampson
liquefiers, Linde Dual-pressure liquefiers, Claude
liquefiers
Hydrogen safety & storage
 Hydrogen has the highest rating on flammability scale
 The storage and use of hydrogen posses unique challenge
due ease of leaking as a gaseous fuel.
 Underground storage of hydrogen in caves, depleted
petroleum fields, caverns resulting from mining activites.
Conclusion
 Hydrogen produce from biomass is sustainable energy
carrier for promising alternative to fossil fuels. The use of
renewable biomass as major feedstock of hydrogen
production has received considerable attention in recent
years. Biomass can be valuable resource for producing
hydrogen if used in an integrated process that also
generates higher value co-product. These technologies
need further development and research. Various types of
micro-organisms and enzyme are need to research with the
process intensification so that these technologies can
compete with conventional technologies for the production
of hydrogen.
Thank you

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