Chapter 1 Lecture

Chemistry, Matter, Measurements, and Numbers

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 What is chemistry?

What is matter?

How is matter classified?

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 Chemistry—The Science of Everyday Experience

•Chemistry: study of matter

– composition, properties, and transformations.

•Matter: anything with mass and volume.

•Matter can be:

Naturally occurring: Synthetic (human-made):

•cotton •nylon
•sand •Styrofoam
•digoxin, a cardiac drug •ibuprofen

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 States of Matter
Solid:

• Definite shape.

• Definite volume.

• Particles close together

in a regular pattern.

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 States of Matter

Liquid:

• Takes container shape.

• Definite volume.

• Particles close together,

but move past one another.

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 States of Matter

Gas:

• No definite shape

• No definite volume

• Particles very far apart,

and move randomly.

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What are physical and chemical properties?

What are physical and chemical changes?

What are pure substances and mixtures?

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 Physical Properties
Physical properties:
• Can be observed or measured without changing composition
Ex: Water
•state of matter •solubility
ice, liquid water, water vapor or steam does not mix with oil

•melting point •color

0°C clear

•boiling point •odor

100°C odorless

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 Physical Changes
Physical change:
• Alters material, NOT composition

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 Chemical Properties
Chemical properties:
• Observed during a chemical reaction.
• Reactivity
• Flammability
• Toxicity
• pH

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 Chemical Changes
A chemical change alters material and changes composition

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 Classification of Matter
Matter:
• Classified as pure substances or mixtures.
I. Pure Substances:
• Single component
• Constant composition
– Regardless of size or origin
• Cannot be broken down to other pure substances by a
physical change.

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 Classification of Matter
Pure substances:
• Classified as elements or compounds.
Elements cannot be broken down by chemical change.

aluminum metal (Al) gold (Au)

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 Classification of Matter
Compounds:
• Pure substance formed by chemically joining two or more
elements.

table salt (NaCl) Sugar (C12H22O11)

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 Classification of Matter
II. Mixtures
• Consist of more than one component.

• Varying composition.

• Can be separated into components by physical processes.

Homogenous Mixture Heterogenous Mixture

uniform throughout Non-uniform throughout
(single phase) (more than one phase)

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Classification of Matter

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• Understand why we use the metric system.

• Know how to use the metric system.

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 Measurement
A. The Metric System

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 Measurement
A. The Metric System
• Units are related to base unit by a power of 10.
• Prefix of unit indicates if larger or smaller than base unit.
King Kittens

Henry Hate
Dogs
Died
But
Bloated
Do
Drinking
Chase
Chocolate
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Milk Mice
 Significant Figures

Significant figures (Sig Figs)

All digits in a measured number including one estimated digit.

Nonzero digits are always significant.

65.2 g 255.345 g
3 sig. figures 6 sig. figures

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 Significant Figures

Rules for Zero:

Zero counts if:
•between two nonzero digits

29.05 g 1.0087 mL
4 sig. figures 5 sig. figures

•at the end of a number with a decimal place

3.7500 cm 620. lb
5 sig. figures 3 sig. figures

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 Significant Figures

Zero does not count if:

•at the beginning of a number
0.00245 mg 0.008 mL
3 sig. figures 1 sig. figure
•at the end of a number without a decimal
2570 m 1245500 m
3 sig. figures 5 sig. figures

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 Significant Figures
A. Rules for Multiplication and Division

When multiplying or dividing:

*LEAST number of sig figs in any number of the problem
determines number of sig figs in final answer.
*Exception: DO NOT count exact numbers

4 sig. figures

351.2 miles 63.854545 miles 64 miles

= =
5.5 hour hour hour

2 sig. figures Answer must have

2 sig. figures.

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 Significant Figures
B. Rules for Addition and Subtraction

When adding or subtracting:

LEAST number of decimals in any number of the problem
determines number of sig figs in final answer.

10.11 kg 2 decimal places

3.6 kg 1 decimal place

6.51 kg answer must have

1 decimal place

= 6.5 kg final answer

1 decimal place 24
• Why do we use scientific notation?

• How do we use scientific notation?

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 37,000,000,000,000 = estimated number of cells in adult

0.000006 = average diameter of red blood cell

7,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 = average number of atoms in adult

0.0000000001 = average diameter of atom

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 Scientific Notation

In scientific notation, a number is written as:

Exponent:
y x 10x Any positive
or negative
Coefficient: whole number.
A number between
1 and 10.

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 Scientific Notation
HOW TO Convert a Standard Number to Scientific Notation

Example Convert these numbers to scientific notation.

2,500 0.036

Step [1] Move the decimal point to give a number

between 1 and 10.
2500 0.036
Step [2] Multiply the result by 10x, where
x = number of places the decimal was moved.
•move decimal left, •move decimal right,
x is positive x is negative

2.5 x 103 3.6 x 10−2

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 Scientific Notation
Converting a Number in Scientific Notation
to a Standard Number

•When the exponent x is positive, move the decimal

point x places to the right.

2.800 x 102 = 280.0

•When the exponent x is negative, move the decimal

point x places to the left.

2.80 x 10–2 = 0.0280

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• Why do we use factor-label (dimensional analysis)?

• How do we use factor-label (dimensional analysis)?

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How many hours does it take a car traveling at 60 m.p.h. to drive 60 miles?

60 miles 60 miles
1 hr

60 miles 1 hr
60 miles = 1 hour
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 Using the Factor-Label Method
A. Conversion Factors

• Conversion factor: A term that converts a quantity in

one unit to a quantity in another unit.

original desired
x conversion factor = quantity
quantity

• Conversion factors are usually written as

equalities.
2.21 lb = 1 kg

• To use them, they must be written as fractions.

2.21 lb or 1 kg
1 kg 2.21 lb 32
 Using the Factor-Label Method
B. Solving a Problem Using One Conversion Factor

The most important thing to consider when using the

factor-label method:

Do unwanted units cancel?

Do I get the units the problem is asking for?

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 Using the Factor-Label Method
B. Solving a Problem Using One Conversion Factor

• How many kg is 130 lbs?

2.21 lb
1 kg
Answer
130 lb x or
2 sig. figures
1 kg
2.21 lb = 59 kg

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 Using the Factor-Label Method
C. Solving a Problem Using Two or More
Conversion Factors

How many liters is in 1.0 pint?

1.0 pint ?L
original quantity desired quantity

•Two conversion factors are needed:

2 pints = 1 quart 1.06 quarts = 1 liter

2 pt or 1 qt 1.06 qt or 1L
1 qt 2 pt 1L 1.06 qt

First, cancel pt. Then, cancel qt.

 Using the Factor-Label Method
C. Solving a Problem Using Two or More
Conversion Factors

•Set up the problem and solve:

1.0 pt x 1 qt x 1 L = 0.47
0.471698113
L L
2 pt 1.06 qt
2 sig. figures 2 sig. figures

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 Temperature
• Three temperature scales are used:
1. Degrees Fahrenheit (oF)
2. Degrees Celsius (oC)
3. Kelvin (K)

To convert from oC to oF: To convert from oF to oC:

oC = oF − 32
oF = 1.8(oC) + 32
1.8

To convert from oC to K: To convert from K to oC:

K = oC + 273 oC = K − 273

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 Temperature
Comparing the Three Temperature Scales

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 Density

Density: Physical property relating mass and volume of a substance.

mass (g)
density =
volume (mL or cc)

Converting volume (mL) to mass (g): Converting mass (g) to volume (mL):

g mL
mL x = g g x = mL
mL g

density inverse of density

 Density
Example:
•If the density of acetic acid is 1.05 g/mL, what is
the volume of 5.0 grams of acetic acid?
5.0 g ? mL
original quantity desired quantity

5.0 g x 1 mL
= 4.761904762
4.8 mL mL
1.05 g
2 sig. figures 2 sig. figures
Unwanted unit
cancels
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 Percent Error
What is it??
Percent Error is used to determine the
inaccuracy, in percentage, of a measured
or estimated value, compared to an
accepted value.

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 The Components of the
Formula
Estimated Value (Measured Value)- The
value that has been derived from an
experiment, or an estimated value.
Actual Value (What you should have
gotten!)- This value is the exact value
excepted throughout the scientific
community, or the value which is
determined exact, at a later point in time.

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 The Formula
The Formula for Percent Error is a follows:
(EV – AV)
AV
Remember: X 100 = Percent Error
EV= Estimated Value (measured value!)
AV= Actual Value

We multiply by 100 to make to make the

decimal a percent.
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 What does it mean if it is
positive or negative ?

The sign does actually tell you something!

Negative if your measurement is too small

Positive if your measurement is too big

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 Practice Problem
Johnny calculates from an experiment that
he has 22.7 grams of carbon. However, he
should have gotten 21.8 grams of carbon,
which was the accepted value for this
experiment. What was his percent error?

Remember: (EV-AV) X 100 = % Error

AV

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 Answer
 (EV-AV) X 100 = % Error
AV

(22.7 - 21.8) X 100 = % Error

21.8

.900 X 100 = % Error

21.8

.0413 X 100 = % Error

4.13 % = % Error

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