Definition: Concrete

 A hard strong building material made by mixing

a cementing material (as portland cement) and
a mineral aggregates (as sand and gravel) with
sufficient water to cause the cement to set and
bind the entire mass.
 In concrete construction, like any other, good
concrete will be produced where effective
quality control is exercised. On the other hand,
defective concrete will certainly result to; where
there is little or no quality.
Composition of Concrete:
 The two major components of concrete;

 1. Paste
 2. Mineral aggregates
Paste:
 is the mixture of water and cement

Mineral Aggregates:
 compose of fine and coarse
Composition of Concrete:
 In fresh concrete, the individual particles of
aggregates and cement are suspended and separated
by thin layers of water. This makes the mix plastic and
workable.

 The volume of paste, including air voids, is about

30% and volume of aggregates is about 70% of the
volume of concrete.
By absolute volume:
 Cement – 7% to 14%
 Water - 15% to 20%
 Aggregates – 66% to 78%
Requirements of Concrete:
 The principal requirements of hardened
concrete are that it should have the required
strength, it should be uniform, watertight, and
resistant to wear, weather, and other destructive
agencies, and that it should not shrink excessively
on cooling or drying nor expand excessively on
wetting.
 Other requirements are high resistance to fire,
chemicals, or abrasion.
Factors Affecting Strength and other
Characteristics of Concrete
Concrete Materials and Mix Quality
Tests and their Significance
Importance of Quality Assurance of
Concrete Materials
 Quality Assurance of building materials is very
essential in order to build strong, durable and cost
effective structures. When construction is planned
building materials should be selected to fulfill the
functions expected from them. The objective is to
understand the importance of quality assurance of
most common construction materials such as
concrete, steel, aggregates and cement in accordance
with relevant standards or specifications.
Cement Testing
 To determine the chemical properties, compressive
strength of mortar prism, fineness, soundness and
setting time are important factors in testing cement.

 The chemical properties of the cement affect the

ultimate performance in all of its applications. Many of
the performance characteristics could be assessed by
means of physical tests.
Coarse Aggregate Testing
 In determining the quality of aggregate, the particle
size distribution, specific gravity and water absorption,
soundness, impact and abrasion are important factors.

 Particle size of aggregate has an influence on

workability of concrete, water requirement and ability
to be compacted without voids or honeycombs.
Fine Aggregate Testing
 In testing fine aggregate, particle size distribution,
specific gravity and water absorption, soundness and
organic impurities are the important factors.

 Soundness and water absorption are directly related

with durability.

 Clay in aggregate also affects a the quality of

concrete produced from such aggregate.
Steel Test
 Steel test is important in order to determine the
reinforcement strength and ductility.
 1. Yield Strength
 2. Ultimate Tensile Strength
 3. % Elongation
 4. Phosphorous content
Water for Making Concrete
 To check and verify the quality of water to ensure
the strength and durability of concrete works.

 Usually drinking quality drinking water can be used

as mixing water for making concrete without testing.
Concrete Joint Sealers Test
 To determine the capability to maintain its
ductility, bond including penetration grade and
can withstand deterioration due to weathering.
Slump Test
 Determination of normal consistency of a fresh
concrete mix.

 A well proportion workable mix will gradually

slump to lower elevations and retain its original
identity while a poor mix will crumble, segregate and
fall apart.
SLUMP TEST
For
( AASHTO DESIGNATION : T119 )
( ASTM DESIGNATION : C 143)

Mold shall be filled in 3 Layers

Each layer be filled approximately one-
third of the volume of the mold.

25 strokes per layer using a (5/8”) 16mm

diameter and (24”) 600mm length rod.
SLUMP TEST
The consistency shall be recorded in terms of
millimeters (mm) of subsidence of the specimen
during the test which shall be known as the
“SLUMP”.

A well proportion workable mix will gradually

slump to lower drop of elevation and retains its
original identity while a poor mix will crumble,
segregate and fall apart.
Flexural Strength of Concrete
 Determination of the Flexural Strength of concrete
for Item-311, during construction of concrete
pavement ( Portland Cement Concrete Pavement).

 Using Simple Beam with Third-Point or Center-

Point Loading.
 1.) Flexural Test – used to determine the flexural
strength of a unreinforced concrete. Example PCCP

Type of Sample – Concrete

Beam Sample
2) Molding of (Beam) Flexural Test
Specimen for Concrete Pavement
LENGTH = 21 INCHES

WIDTH = 6 INCHES

HEIGHT = 6 INCHES
Beam Specimens

Area = L x W
21” x 6”
Using the same rammer used in = 126 sq.m
concrete cylinder sample Note : 1 blow per 2 sq.inch

Mold Beam Samples by pouring No. of Blows = 126/2

concrete at two (2) layers. Ram = 63 blows /
each layer by 63 blows. layer
STRENGHT DETERMINATION OF
CONCRETE TEST SPECIMENS
1. Flexural Strength of Beam Specimens

a.) Third Point Loading

 R= PL
bd2
where:
R = Modulus of Rupture, psi or Mpa
P = Load in lbs or in tons
L = span length in inches
b = base in inches
d = depth in inches
Example : Flexural Strength using the third point
loading method

2,204.60 lbs 18
FS = 2.40 tons x x = 440.92 psi
ton (6x6x6)

MPa
FS = 440.92 psi x 0.006895 = 3.04 MPa
psi

DPWH Specification 2004 Edition

Third Point Loading Method :
FS requirement = 3.8 Mpa ( 550 psi) min.
@ 14 days
Outside the Middle Third
3Pa
R=
bd2
where:
a = distance between line of fracture and
the nearest support measured along
the centerline of the bottom surface
of the beam, in
a.) Center Point Loading
 3PL
R=
2bd2
where:
R = Modulus of Rupture
P = Load
L = span length
b = base
d = depth

DPWH Standard Specification, 2004 Edition:

Center Point Loading Method
FS requirement = 4.5 Mpa (650 psi)
Compressive Strength of Cylindrical
Concrete Specimens
 Determination of Compressive Strength of
cylindrical concrete specimens such as molded
cylinders and drilled cores.
Cylinder mold: 6”x 12”
Tamping rod : 16 mm. dia.
Number of layers: 3 layers
Number of blows/layer : 25 blows
1. Compressive Strength of Cylindrical
Specimens
Rate of loading for
compressive
strength test:

Load applied at a
constant rate within
the range of 20 to
50 psi/sec.
For Cylinder

P where:
CS =
A P = Load
A = Area
π D2
Cross Sectional Area =
4
3.1416 (6)2
A=
4
A = 28.27 in2
EXAMPLE

64,000 lbs MPa

x 0.00685
CS = psi
28.27 in2
= 15.6 MPa

note:
3,000 psi @ 28 days
3,500 psi @ 14 days
Drilled Cores
 Significance and Use:

 Core tests measure the thickness of completed

concrete pavement and verify strength of concrete in-
place that is considered deficient.
Core Specimens taken form PCCP
 Coring Samples for PCCP
 5 core holes per 1km per lane or 5 core holes
per 500m when 2 lanes are poured
concurrently
 Core tests measure the thickness of the
completed pavement and verify
compressive strength of the concrete in-
place if deficient in strength
 Test results are used as basis for
acceptance or rejection of the concrete
pavement
 Deficiencies in thickness and strength may
also result to adjustment in payment
Sampling
 Specimens are taken after the concrete has become
hard enough to permit sample removal without
disturbing the bond between the mortar and coarse
aggregate. In general, the concrete shall be 14 days old
before the specimens are removed.
 Samples that show abnormal defects or samples
that have been damaged in the process of removal
shall not be used.
 Samples for determining compressive strength that
contain embedded reinforcement should be avoided if
possible or trimmed to eliminate the reinforcement
provided a length- to diameter ratio(L/D) of at least
1.00 can be attained.
Core Specimens
 A core specimen for thickness determination shall
have a diameter of at least 100 mm. (4 in.)
 For compressive strength determination, the
diameter of core specimens should be at least three (3)
times the nominal maximum size of the coarse
aggregate used in the concrete. The length of the
specimen, when capped, shall be as nearly as
practicable twice its diameter.
Coring for thickness determination
1
8
2

7 3
9

6 4
5
 When the measurement of any core is less than the
specified thickness by more than 25 mm, additional
cores will be taken at no less than 5 m. intervals
parallel to the center line in each direction, from the
affected location. Obtaining of core samples will only
be stopped when core which is not deficient in
thickness by more than 25 mm. is found in each
direction.
Drilled Cores
 Significance and Use:

 Core tests measures the thickness of completed

concrete pavement and verify strength of concrete in-
place that is considered deficient.
MINIMUM TESTING
REQUIREMENTS
 Prescribed in each project based on
estimated quantities.

 The requirements, specify the kind and

number of tests for each item of work.
Minimum testing requirements
Item 311 – Portland Cement Concrete
Pavement
A. Cement

Tests: For every 2000 bags or fraction

thereof:
1 – Q, quality Test
Minimum testing requirements
B. Fine Aggregates
For every 1500 cu.m or fraction thereof:

a.) For source not yet tested, or failed in previous

quality test:
1 – Q, Quality Test for: Grading, Elutriation
(Wash), Bulk Specific Gravity, Absorption,
mortar Strength, Soundness, Organic Impurities,
Unit Weight, % clay Lumps and Shale.

b.) For a source previously tested and passed quality

test
1 – Q, Quality Test : Grading, Elutriation (Wash), Bulk
Specific Gravity, Absorption and Mortar
Strength.
For every 75 cu.m or fraction thereof:
1 – G, Grading Test
Minimum testing requirements
Item 311 – Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
C. Coarse Aggregates
For every 1500 cu.m or fraction thereof:
a.) For sources not yet tested, or failed in
previous quality test:
1 – Q, Quality Test for: Grading, Bulk
Specific Gravity, Absorption, Abrasion,
Soundness and Unit Weight
b.) For a source previously tested and passed
quality test
1 – Q, Quality Test : Grading, Bulk Specific
Gravity, Absorption and Abrasion

For every 75 cu.m or fraction thereof:

1 – G, Grading Test
Minimum testing requirements
Item 311 – Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
D. Water
Tests: 1 – Certificate from Project Engineer
or
1 – Q, Quality Test, if source is
questionable

E. Joint Filler
a. Poured Joint Filler
Tests: 1 – Q, Quality Test on each type of
ingredient for each shipment
Minimum testing requirements
Item 311 – Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
F. Special Curing Agents
Tests: 1 – Q, Quality Test for each shipment

G. Steel Bars
Tests: For every 10,000 kgs or fraction
thereof for each size
1 – Q, Quality Test (Bending, Tension
and Chemical Analysis
Minimum testing requirements
Item 311 – Portland Cement Concrete Pavement

H. Concrete
Tests: Flexural Strength Test on concrete
Beam Samples:
1-set consisting of 3 beam samples shall
represent a 330 sq.m. of pavement, 230mm depth, or
fraction thereof placed each day. Volume of
concrete not more than 75 cu.m.

I. Completed Pavement
Tests: Thickness determination by concrete core
drilling on a lot basis.

Five (5) holes per kilometer per lane or five (5) holes
per 500m when 2 lanes are poured concurrently
Minimum testing requirements
ITEM 405 – STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

A. Cement - Same as item 311

B. Fine Aggregates - Same as item 311
C. Coarse Aggregate – Quality test
D. Water – Same as item 311

E. Premolded Filler for expansion joint

Tests: 1-Q, Quality Test on each thickness of filler for each
shipment

F. Steel Reinforcement
Tests: 1-Q, Quality Test for every 10,000kg or fraction thereof for
each size

G. Concrete
Tests: Compressive strength on concrete cylinder samples, 1 set consisting of
three (3) concrete cylinder samples shall be taken each day’s pouring and to present
not more than 75 cu.m of concrete or fraction thereof.
Minimum testing requirements
Item 505 – Riprap and Grouted Riprap

A. Cement:
Tests: 1-Q, Quality Test for every 2000 bags or
fraction thereof
B. Fine Aggregate:
Tests: 1-Q, Quality Test for every 1500 cu.m of
fraction thereof
1-G, Grading for every 75 cu.m or fraction
thereof
C. Stone
Tests: 1 –Q, Quality Test /Inspection Report

E. Water
Tests: 1-Certificate from the Project Engineer of
1-Q, Quality test, if source is questionable
Test Results and Field Application
ITEM DESCRIPTION

This item consist of:

 pavement of Portland cement concrete,
with or without reinforcement
 constructed on the prepared base
 in accordance with specification
 in conformity with lines and grades, thickness
and typical cross-section of the plans.
MATERIALS REQUIREMENTS

1. Portland Cement
• Only Type I Portland Cement shall be used unless otherwise
provided for in the Special Provisions.

• The use of Portland Pozzolan Cement Type IP meeting the

the requirements of AASHTO M240/ASTM C 695 shall be
allowed, provided that the trial mixes shall be done and
that the mixes meet the concrete strength requirements.
• Different brands or the same brands from different mills
shall not be mixed nor shall they be used alternately
unless the mix is approved by the Engineer.
1. Portland Cement

• The product of only one mill of any one brand and type of
Portland Cement shall be used on the project unless
otherwise permitted by the Engineer.

• The Contractor shall provide suitable means of storing and

protecting the cement against dampness.

• Cement that has become partially set or which contains

lumps of caked cement will be rejected. Likewise, cement
salvaged from discarded or used bags shall not be used.
2. Fine Aggregate

• consists of natural sand, stone screenings, or other inert

materials with similar characteristics, or combinations
thereof, having hard, strong and durable particles.

• material passing the 0.075 mm ( No. 200 sieve ) shall not

contain more than (3) mass percent by washing nor more
than (1) mass percent each of clay lumps or shale.

• when subjected to five (5) cycles of the sodium sulfate

soundness test, the weighted loss, shall not exceed 10 mass
percent
2. Fine Aggregate

• shall be free from injurious amounts of organic

impurities.

• if subjected to the calorimetric test for organic impurities

and a color darker than the standard is produced, it shall
be rejected.

• when tested for the effect of organic impurities of

strength of mortar, the fine aggregate may be used if the
relative strength at 7 and 28 days is not less than 95 mass
percent
 Grading Requirements for Fine Aggregates

Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing

9.5 mm ( 3/8 in. ) 100
4.75 mm ( No. 4 ) 95 - 100
2.36 mm ( No. 8 ) -
1.18 mm ( No. 16 ) 45 - 80

0.600 mm ( No. 30 ) -
0.300 mm ( No. 50 ) 5 - 30
0.150 mm ( No. 100 ) 0 - 10
3. Coarse Aggregate

• consists of crushed stone, gravel, blast furnace slag, or other

approved inert materials of similar characteristics, or combinations
thereof, having hard, strong, durable pieces and free from any
adherent coatings.

• contain not more than one (1) mass percent of material passing the
0.074 mm ( No. 200 sieve ) by washing nor more than 0.25 mass
percent of clay lumps, nor more than 3.5 mass percent of soft
fragments.

• if subjected to five (5) cycles of the sodium sulfate soundness test,

the weighted loss shall not exceed 12 mass percent.

• shall have a mass percent of wear not exceeding 40 when tested to

Los Angeles Abrasion machine.
 Grading Requirement For Coarse Aggregate

Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing

Standard Alternate Grading Grading Grading
mm U.S. Std. A B C
75 3 in. 100 - -
63 2 – ½ in. 90 – 100 100 100
50 2 in. - 90 – 100 95 - 100
37. 5 1 – ½ in. 25 – 60 35 – 70 -
25 1 in. - 0 – 15 35 – 70
19 ¾ in. 0 – 10 - -

12.5 ½ in. 0–5 0–5 10 – 30

4.75 No. 4 - - 0–5

 4. Water

• when used in mixing , curing or other designated application

it shall be reasonably clean and free of oil, salt, acid, alkali,
grass or other substances injurious to the finished product.

• water which is drinkable and known of potable quality may

be used without test.

• where the source is shallow, the intake shall be so enclosed

as to exclude silt, mud, grass or other foreign materials.

• water will be tested in accordance with and shall meet the

requirements of Item 714, Water.
5. Reinforcing Steel

• tie bars shall be deformed bars that are to bent and re-straightened
during construction and shall conform to the requirements of
AASTHO M 31 or M 42.

• dowel bars shall be plain round bars where one-half of the length
shall be painted with one coat of approved lead or tar paint and
shall conform to the requirements of AASTHO M 31 or M42.

• reinforcing steel shall be free from dirt, oil, paint, grease, mill
scale and loose or thick rust which could impair bond of the steel
with the concrete.
 6. Joint Fillers

• poured joint fillers shall be mixed asphalt or rubber filler

conforming to the requirements of AASTHO M 173.

• preformed fillers for joints shall conform to the

requirements of AASTHO M 33 ( ASTM D 994 ), AASTHO
M 153, AASTHO M 213, AASTHO M 220, as specified in the
plans and shall be furnished in a single piece for the depth
and width required for the joint.
Storage of Materials

Cement
• cement shall be stored immediately upon delivery at the site
in a weatherproof building which will protect the cement
from dampness.The floor shall be raised from the ground.
• bulk cement, if used, shall be transferred to elevated air tight
weathered proof bins.
• cement bags shall be stacked closed together to reduce air
circulation but should never be stacked against outside walls.

• stack the cement bags so that the first in are the first out
• on small jobs where a shed is not available, bags should be
placed on raised wooden platforms at least 4 to 6 inches
above the ground and water coverings should fit over the pile
and extend over the cement and the platform.
Concrete Aggregates

• to secure greater uniformity of concrete mix, different

sizes of aggregates shall be stored in separate bins or
separate stockpiles to prevent the material at the edges
of the piles from becoming intermixed.

Reinforcing Steel
• steel bars shall be stored immediately upon delivery at
the site in a weatherproof location which will protect the
steel bars from corrosion. The floor shall be raised from
the ground.
PROPORTIONING, CONSISTENCY AND
STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Minimum Cement Factor:

- to meet the minimum strength requirements for paving

concrete, it is required to have at least 364 kg. of cement
per cubic meter of concrete or a cement content of 9.1
bags/cu.m. of concrete on a 40 kg. per bag of cement

Slump Requirements :
- if vibrated, a slump between 37.5 – 75 mm (1-1/2 – 3 inches)
- if not vibrated, a slump between 12.5 – 37.5 mm (½ - 3 inches)
PROPORTIONING, CONSISTENCY AND
STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
Strength Requirements :

- flexural strength @ 14 days of 3.8 MPa (550 psi), when

tested by the third point method or 4.5 MPa (650 psi),
when tested by mid-point method

- compressive strength @ 14 days of 24.1 MPa (3500 psi) for

cores taken and tested in accordance with AASTHO T 24
Mixing of Concrete

• the time elapsed from the time the water is added to the
mix until the concrete is deposited in place at the site, shall
not exceed 45 minutes when concrete is hauled in non-
agitating trucks, nor 90 minutes when hauled in truck
mixers.
• when volumetric measurements are authorized for small
project requiring less than 75 cu.m. of concrete per day of
pouring, the weight proportions shall be converted to
equivalent volumetric proportions. Use of chute is allowed
provided that a weighing scales for determining the batch
weight will be used.
 Mixing of Concrete

• re-tempering concrete by adding water or by other means

shall not be permitted, except that when concrete is delivered
in truck mixers, provided all these operations are performed
within 45 minutes after the initial mixing operation and the
water-cement ratio is not exceeded.
Test Specimens

• as work progresses, at least one (1) set consisting of three (3)

concrete beam test specimens, 150 mm x 150 mm x 525 mm
shall be taken from each 330 m2 of pavement,
230 mm depth, or fraction thereof placed each day.

• cylinder samples shall not be used as substitute for

determining the adequacy of the strength of concrete.

• the beam specimens shall be properly cured and tested at

the specified date.
 Joints in Portland Cement Concrete Pavement

Longitudinal Joints
• deformed steel tie bars of specified length, size, spacing shall
be placed perpendicular to the longitudinal joints and may
be bent at right angles against the form of the first lane
constructed and straightened into final position before the
concrete of the adjacent lane is placed.
• tie bars shall not be painted or coated with asphalt or other
materials or enclosed in tubes or sleeves.
• when shown on the plans and when the adjacent lanes of
pavement are constructed separately, joint steel side forms
shall be used which will form a keyway along the construction.
 Longitudinal Joints
• longitudinal formed joints shall consists of a groove or cleft,
extending downward from and normal to the surface of the
pavement and shall be continuous and be no gaps in either
transverse or longitudinal joints at the intersections of the
joints.
• longitudinal sawed joints shall be cut by means of approved
concrete saws to the depth, width and line shown on the plans
and shall be thoroughly cleaned and immediately filled with
sealer.
• the longitudinal joints shall be sawed before the end of the
curing period or shortly thereafter and before any equipment
or vehicles are allowed on the pavement.
Transverse Contraction Joint/ Weakened Joint

• consists of planes of weakness created by forming or cutting

grooves in the surface of the pavement and shall include
transfer assemblies.
• the depth of the weakened plane joint should at all times not
be less than 50 mm and width should not be more than 6 mm.

Longitudinal joints

Width = 6mm,
min.

Depth = 50mm min.

Types of Contraction/Weakened Joint

1. Transverse Strip Contraction Joint

- can be formed by installing a parting strip to be left in

place as shown on the plans.

2. Formed Groove Contraction Joint

- shall be made by depressing an approved tool or device

into the plastic concrete and shall remain in place until
the concrete has attain its initial set and shall then be
removed without disturbing the adjacent concrete,
unless the device is designed to remain in the joint.
 Types of Contraction/Weakened Joint

3. Sawed Contraction Joint

- created by sawing grooves in the surface of the pavement

of the width not more than 6 mm and depth of not less than
50 mm and at the spacing and lines as shown on the plans.

- sawing of the joints shall commence as soon as the concrete

has hardened sufficiently to permit sawing without
excessive raveling, usually 4 to 24 hours.
- sawing of any joint shall be omitted if cracks occurs at or
near the joint location prior to the time of sawing.
- after each joint is sawed, it shall be thoroughly cleaned
and immediately be filled with sealer.
Transverse Construction Joint

• shall be constructed when there is an interruption of more

than 30 minutes in the concreting operations.

• no transverse joint shall be constructed within 1.50 m of an

expansion joint, or plane of weakness.

• if sufficient concrete has been mixed at the time of

interruption to form a slab of at least 1.5 m long,
the excess concrete from the last preceding joint shall
be removed and disposed off as directed.
 Final Finish

• brooming operation should be executed that the corrugations

produced in the surface shall be uniform in appearance and
not more than 1.5 mm in depth.

• the hardened surface of the finished pavement shall have a

coefficient of friction less than 0.25 or more. Completed
pavement that is found to have a coefficient of friction less
than 0.25 shall be grounded or scored by the contractor at
his own expense to provide the required coefficient of friction.
 Curing

Immediately after the finishing operations have been

completed and the concrete has sufficiently set, the surface
of the newly placed concrete shall be cured for a period of
72 hours, with any of the following methods:

1. By covering the pavement with cotton or burlap mats

saturated with water.

2. By thoroughly wetting the pavement and covering its top

surface and sides with waterproof paper.
Curing

3. By ponding which involves maintaining a layer of water

on the surface of the pavement by means of earth or
sand dikes.

4. By spraying uniformly with white pigmented curing

compound (Impervious Membrane Method)
immediately after finishing of the surface and before the
set of concrete has taken place.
 Removal of Forms

• forms for concrete shall remain in place undisturbed for

not less than24 hours after concrete pouring.

• in case portions of the concrete are spalled during the

removal of forms, they shall be immediately repaired with
fresh mortar mixed in the proportioned of one part of
Portland Cement and two parts of fine aggregates.

• in case major honeycombs occurs on sides of the pavement,

it shall be removed and replaced at the expense of the
contractor.
 Sealing of Joints

• joints shall be sealed with asphalt sealant soon after the

completion of the curing period and before the pavement is
opened to traffic.
• prior to sealing of joints, it shall be thoroughly cleaned of all
foreign materials including membrane curing compound and
joint faces and shall be in a surface dry condition when the
seal is applied.
• the pouring of sealant shall be done in such a manner that
the material will not spilled on the exposed surfaces of the
concrete.
• the use of sand or similar material as a cover for the seal will
not be permitted.
 Acceptance of Concrete

• the strength level of the concrete will be considered satisfactory

if the averages of all sets of three (3) consecutive strength test
results equals or exceed the specified strength and no individual
strength test result is deficient by more than 15 % of the
specified strength.
• Concrete deemed to be not acceptable using the above criteria may be
rejected unless the contractor can provide evidence, by means of core
tests, that the quality of concrete represented by failed test is
acceptable in place.

• Concrete in the area represented by the cores will be considered

adequate if the average strength of the cores is equal to at least
85% of and if no single core is less than 75% of the specified
strength.
 Acceptance of Concrete

• if the strength of control specimens does not meet the strength requirements and
it is not advisable to obtain cores from the structure due to structural considerations,
payment of the concrete will be made at an adjusted price due to strength deficiency of
concrete specimens as specified hereunder:
Deficiency in Strength of Concrete Specimens Percent (%) of Contract
Percent (%) Price Allowed

Less than 5 100

5 to less than 10 80
10 to less than 15 70
15 to less than 20 60
20 to less than 25 50
25 or more 0
 Opening to Traffic

• the concrete pavement will not be opened to traffic until

the test specimens molded and cured have attained the
minimum strength requirements.

• if tests are not conducted prior to the specified age,

the pavement shall not be operated to traffic until 14 days
after the concrete was placed.
Tolerance and Pavement Thickness

• the thickness of the pavement will be determined by

measurement of cores from the completed pavement.
• the completed pavement shall be accepted on a lot basis
when :
a. Pavement length of 1000 lm when single lane is poured.
b. Pavement length of 500 lm when two lanes are poured
concurrently.
c. The last unit in each slab constitutes a lot in itself when
its length is at least ½ of the normal length, however, if it
is shorter than ½ of the normal length, it shall be included
in the previous lot.
Tolerance and Pavement Thickness

d. Other areas such as intersections, entrances, cross-overs,

ramps, etc., will be grouped together to form a lot.

e. Each lot will be divided into five (5) equal segments

and one core will be obtained from each segment.
Rules in Calculating the Average Thickness of
Pavement

1. Individual measurements which are in excess of the

specified thickness by more than 5 mm will be considered
as the specified thickness plus 5 mm

2. Measurement which are less than the specified thickness

by more than 25 mm shall not be included in the average.

3. When the average thickness for the lot is deficient, the

contract unit price will be adjusted for thickness.
 Rules in Calculating the Average Thickness of
Pavement

4. When measurement of any core is less than the specified

thickness by more than 25 mm, the actual thickness of the
pavement in this area will be determined by taking
additional cores at no less than 5 m intervals parallel to
the centerline in each direction from the affected
location until a core is found in each direction, which is
not deficient by more than 25 mm.
 Rules in Calculating the Average Thickness of
Pavement

5. The area of slab for which no payment will be made shall

be the product of the paving width multiplied by the
distance along the center line of the road between
transverse sections found not deficient in thickness by more
than 25 mm .

6. The remainder of the segment to be used to get the

average thickness of each lot shall be determined by
taking the average thickness of additional cores which
are not deficient by more than 25 mm .
 Adjustment for Thickness

• when the average thickness of the pavement per lot is deficient

payment for the lot shall be adjusted as follows:
Deficiency in the Average Percentage Contract
Thickness, per lot (mm) Price Per Lot
0–5 100% payment
6 – 10 95% payment
11 – 15 85% payment
16 – 20 70% payment
21 – 25 50% payment
More than 25 Remove and replace/No Payment
ITEM DESCRIPTION

• This item shall consist of furnishing, placing and finishing

concrete in all structures except pavements in accordance
with this Specification and conforming to the lines, grades
and dimensions shown on the plans.

• Concrete shall consist of a mixture of Portland cement, fine

aggregate, coarse aggregate, admixture, when specified and
water in proportions specified or approved by the Engineer.
Classes and Uses of Structural Concrete

Class A - All superstructures and heavily reinforced

substructures such as slabs, beams, girders,
columns, arch ribs, box culverts, reinforced
abutments, retaining walls and reinforced
footings.
Class B - Footings, pedestals, massive pier shafts, pipe
bedding, and gravity walls, unreinforced or
with only a small reinforcement
Class C - Thin reinforced sections, railings, precast R.C.
piles and cribbing and for filler in steel grid
floors
Class P - Prestressed concrete structures and members
Seal - Concrete deposited in water
MATERIALS REQUIREMENTS

Portland Cement

• Type I Portland Cement shall be used unless otherwise

provided for in the Special Provisions

• Use of Portland Pozzolan Cement Type IP meeting the

requirements of AASHTO M 240/ASTM C 695,
Specifications for Blended Hydraulic Cement shall be
allowed, provided that trial mixes shall be done and that
the mixes meet the concrete strength requirements.
Fine Aggregates

• It shall consist of natural sand, stone screenings or other

inert materials with similar characteristics, or
combinations, thereof, having hard, strong and durable
particles.
• It shall not contain more than three (3) mass percent of
material passing the 0.075 mm (No. 200 sieve) by washing
nor more than one (1) mass percent each of clay lumps
or shale.
Fine Aggregates

• When subjected to five (5) cycles of the sodium sulfate

soundness test the weighted loss shall not exceed 10 mass
percent

• When tested for the effect of organic impurities of

strength of mortar by AASHTO T 71, the fine aggregates
may be used if the relative strength at 7 and 28 days is not
less than 95 mass percent.
Grading Requirements for Fine Aggregates

Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing

9.5 mm ( 3/8 in. ) 100
4.75 mm ( No. 4 ) 95 - 100
2.36 mm ( No. 8 ) -
1.18 mm ( No. 16 ) 45 - 80
0.600 mm ( No. 30 ) -
0.300 mm ( No. 50 ) 5 - 30
0.150 mm ( No. 100 ) 0 - 10
Coarse Aggregates

• It shall consist of crushed stone, gravel, blast

furnace slag, or other approved inert
materials of similar characteristics or
combinations thereof, having hard, strong,
durable pieces and free from any adherent
coatings.

• It shall contain not more than one (1) mass

percent of materials passing the 0.075 mm
(No. 200 Sieve), nor more than 0.25 mass
percent of clay lumps, nor more than 3.5 mass
percent of soft fragments.
Coarse Aggregates

• If subjected to five (5) cycles of the sodium sulfate

soundness test, the weighted loss shall not exceed 12
mass percent.

• It shall have a mass percent of wear not exceeding 40

when tested by AASHTO T 96.
 Grading Requirements for Coarse Aggregates

Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing

Class
Standard Alternative Class A Class B Class C Class P
Seal
63.0 2 – 1/2 in - 100
50.0 2 in 100 95 - 100
37.5 1-1/2 in 95–100 - 100
25.0 1 in - 35-70 100 95-100
19.0 34 in 35-70 - 100 95 - 100 -
12.5 1/2 in - 10-30 90-100 - 25-60
9.5 3/8 in 10-30 - 40-70 20-55 -
4.75 No. 4 0-5 0-5 0-15 0-10 0-10
Sampling and testing of Structural Concrete

• As work progresses, at least one (1) sample consisting of

three (3) concrete cylinder test specimens; 150 mm x 300
mm (6 x 12 inches), shall be taken from each 75 cubic
meters of each class of concrete or fraction thereof
placed each day.

• the cylinder shall be prepared, cured and tested at the

specified date.
 Composition and Strength of Concrete for Use
in Structures
Min. Compressive
Designated Size Strength of Concrete
Min. Cement Max. Consistency Range
Class of of Coarse Cylinder Specimens @
Content per m3 Water/Cement in Slump
Concrete Aggregate
kg (bag**) Ratio kg/kg Mm (inch) 28 days
Std. Mm (inch)
MN/m2 (psi)
A 360 0.53 50 – 100 37.5 – 4.75 20.7
(9 bags) (2 – 4) (1-1/2 – No. 4) (3,000)
B 320 0.58 50 – 100 5.0 – 4.75 16.5
(8 bags) (2 – 4) (2” – No. 4) (2,400)
C 380 0.55 50 – 100 12.5 – 4.75 20.7
(9.5 bags) (2 – 4) (1/2” – No. 4*) (3,000)
P 440 0.49 100 max 19.0 – 4.75 37.7
(11 bags) (4 max.) (3/4” – No. 4*) (5,000)
Seal 380 0.58 100 – 200 25 – 4.75 20.7
(9.5 bags) (4 – 8) (1” – No. 4*) (3,000)
* The measured cement content shall be within plus or minus and mass percent of the design
cement content
** Based of 40 kg/bag
 Consistency of Concrete

• concrete shall have a consistency such

that it will be workable in the required
position.
• it shall have a consistency that will flow around
reinforcing steel but individual particles of the coarse
aggregates when isolated shall show a coating of mortar
containing its proportionate amount of sand.
• the consistency of concrete shall be gauged by the ability
of the equipment to properly place it and not by the
difficulty in mixing and transporting.
• consistency of the mixture shall be checked frequently by
means of the slump test.
Method of Payment

The quantity of structural concrete to be paid for will be

the final quantity placed and accepted in the completed
structure. No deductions will be made for the volume
occupied by pipe less than 100 mm (4 inches) in diameter or
by reinforcing steel, anchors, conduits, weepholes or
expansion joint materials
 END
OF
PRESENTATION

Thank You
and
Good Luck