Address Resolution Protocol

Copyright © 2019 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 Foreword
 In order for data transmission to a network destination to be achieved it is
necessary to build association between the network layer and lower layer
protocols. The means by which the Address Resolution Protocol is used to
build this association and prevent the unnecessary generation of additional
broadcast traffic in the network should be clearly understood.

Page 1 Copyright © 2019 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Objectives
 Upon completion of this section, you will be able to:
 Explain how the MAC address is resolved using ARP.

 Explain the function of the ARP cache table.

Page 2 Copyright © 2019 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 ARP
IP: 10.1.1.1/24 IP : 10.1.1.2/24
MAC: 00-01-02-03-04-AA MAC: 00-01-02-03-04-BB

Host A Host B

ETH_II IP DATA FCS

Dest IP : 10.1.1.2
Source IP : 10.1.1.1

Dest MAC : UNKNOWN

Source MAC : 00-01-02-03-04-AA

 Data link forwarding relies on knowledge of the MAC address of the data
link layer destination.

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 ARP Format

Ethernet_II ARP FCS

0 15 31

Hardware Type Protocol Type

Hardware Protocol Length Operation Code

Length

Source Hardware Address

Source Protocol Address

Destination Hardware Address

Destination Protocol Address

 The ARP packet operates within the boundaries of the data link layer, as
can be understood by the absence of an IP header.

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 ARP Process
Host B

10.0.0.2
00-01-02-03-04-BB
Host A Host C

10.0.0.1 10.0.0.3
00-01-02-03-04-AA 00-01-02-03-04-CC

 Host A wishes to forward data to Host C, but must identify whether it is

able to reach the destination at the data link layer.

Page 5 Copyright © 2019 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 ARP Cache Lookup
Host B

10.0.0.2
00-01-02-03-04-BB
Host A Host C

10.0.0.1 10.0.0.3
00-01-02-03-04-AA 00-01-02-03-04-CC

Host A>arp -a

Internet Address Physical Address Type

Page 6 Copyright © 2019 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 ARP Request Process
Host B

10.0.0.2
00-01-02-03-04-BB
Host A Host C

10.0.0.1 10.0.0.3
00-01-02-03-04-AA 00-01-02-03-04-CC

D.MAC S.MAC ARP

Dest IP: 10.0.0.3
FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF Source IP: 10.0.0.1
Dest MAC: 00-00-00-00-00-00
00-01-02-03-04-AA Source MAC: 00-01-02-03-04-AA
Operation Code: Request

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 ARP Reply Process
Host B

10.0.0.2
00-01-02-03-04-BB
Host A Host C

10.0.0.1 10.0.0.3
00-01-02-03-04-AA 00-01-02-03-04-CC

Host C>arp -a
Internet address Physical address Type
10.0.0.1 00-01-02-03-04-AA Dynamic

Page 8 Copyright © 2019 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 ARP Reply Process
Host B

10.0.0.2
00-01-02-03-04-BB
Host A Host C

10.0.0.1 10.0.0.3
00-01-02-03-04-AA 00-01-02-03-04-CC

D.MAC S.MAC ARP

Dest IP : 10.0.0.1
Source IP : 10.0.0.3
00-01-02-03-04-AA Dest MAC : 00-01-02-03-04-AA
00-01-02-03-04-CC Source MAC : 00-01-02-03-04-CC
Operation Code: Reply

Page 9 Copyright © 2019 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 9
 ARP Cache
Host B

10.0.0.2
00-01-02-03-04-BB
Host A Host C

10.0.0.1 10.0.0.3
00-01-02-03-04-AA 00-01-02-03-04-CC

Host A>arp -a
Internet address Physical address Type
10.0.0.3 00-01-02-03-04-CC Dynamic

Page 10 Copyright © 2019 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Proxy ARP

Proxy
G0/0/0 G0/0/1
10.1.0.2/16 10.2.0.2/16

Host A Host B
10.1.0.1/8 10.2.0.1/8

① ARP Request to 10.2.0.1

② ARP Request to 10.2.0.1

③ ARP Reply with MAC of Host B

④ ARP Reply with MAC of G0/0/0

 Proxy ARP enables data link discovery between networks.

 Proxy replies with own (G0/0/0) address on behalf of Host B.

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 Gratuitous ARP

IP: 10.0.0.1/24
MAC: 00-01-02-03-04-AA

Host A

D.MAC S.MAC ARP

Dest IP : 10.0.0.1
Source IP : 0.0.0.0
FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF
Dest MAC : 00-00-00-00-00-00
00-01-02-03-04-AA Source MAC : 00-01-02-03-04-AA

 Duplicate IP addresses may be assigned in a single IP network.

 ARP can be used to discover IP address conflicts.

Page 12 Copyright © 2019 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Summary
 Prior to generating an ARP request, what action must be taken by an end
station?

 When are gratuitous ARP messages generated and propagated on the local
network?

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Thank You
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