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Panel Study

Panel studies are a type of longitudinal study where the same sample is observed over multiple time periods, often decades. They collect repeated measures from the same sample to study how variables change over long periods of time. Cross-sectional studies observe a sample at a single time point, while panel studies follow a sample population longitudinally. Panel studies are used extensively to monitor dynamics like poverty, labor market participation, and demographic changes. They also study long-term effects like education and career outcomes based on family background.

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Hijam Mishal Kumar Singh
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191 views

Panel Study

Panel studies are a type of longitudinal study where the same sample is observed over multiple time periods, often decades. They collect repeated measures from the same sample to study how variables change over long periods of time. Cross-sectional studies observe a sample at a single time point, while panel studies follow a sample population longitudinally. Panel studies are used extensively to monitor dynamics like poverty, labor market participation, and demographic changes. They also study long-term effects like education and career outcomes based on family background.

Uploaded by

Hijam Mishal Kumar Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Research

Panel Study
 Panel studies are a particular design of longitudinal study in which the unit
of analysis is followed at specified intervals over a long period, often
many years.

 A longitudinal study (or longitudinal survey, or panel study) is


a research design that involves repeated observations of the same
variables (e.g., people) over short or long periods of time (i.e.,
uses longitudinal data).

 The key feature of panel studies is that they collect repeated measures
from the same sample at different points in time.

 They may also be constructed from register data, an approach that is


common in some countries.
 Cross-sectional surveys are based on a sample of the
population of interest drawn at one time point.

 In contrast, panel surveys follow the population of interest


over an extended time period and are concerned with
measuring change over time for the units of analysis within
the population.

 The unit of analysis is typically an individual

 Panel surveys typically collect data at relatively frequent


intervals
Panel studies have been used extensively

 to monitor the dynamics of poverty,


 movements into and out of the labor market,
 and the process of demographic change
 long-term effects such as children’s education and
 labor market outcomes in the context of their family
background,
 or later life health outcomes in the context of earlier health
behaviors.
 A longitudinal study (or longitudinal survey, or panel study)
is a research design that involves repeated observations of the
same variables (e.g., people) over long periods of time, often
many decades

 It is often a type of observational study


QUANTITATIVE METHODS
In such studies, observations are expressed in numerical terms.

Quantitative research is basically explanatory in nature

The best examples of these are surveys and opinion polls

Such methods often try to predict present or future behaviour in


various communication situations.
 Here numerical data are analyzed and presented
numerically.

 Quantitative methods help in providing precise


explanations about processes and help measure
communication behaviour.
QUALITATIVE METHODS
 Here the emphasis is not on numerical data.

 Rather these methods depend on description and


interpretation of meanings of communication messages

 Instead of going for large number of examples, qualitative


research concentrates on individual examples.

 Case studies, focus group studies are some examples of


qualitative methods.
CENSUS METHOD
 This method involves studying the universe of research or the large sample

 This is a quantitative method

 Every single element of the universe is covered in this method.

 Thus the results are always good. Also there is no danger of biases or
prejudices being introduced.

 The major drawbacks of the census method are, it is highly expensive, and
involves large manpower and a lot of efforts. For these reasons, the census
method is rarely used for media research.
SURVEY METHOD
 Survey means an investigation of social problems by collecting data
through interviews, questionnaire, etc.

 In surveys, we cover events, processes, behaviour, etc.

 In quantitative communication research, a survey is an empirical


study that uses questionnaires or interviews to discover
characteristics of communication phenomena.

 Often people think that surveys are means of studying large number
of people.

 However, relatively smaller groups - like the employees of an office


- can also be surveyed. Surveys can be used for all kinds of
communication studies.
QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY: A questionnaire survey
involves the following steps:

o Selecting and framing questions,


o Formatting,
o Sampling subjects (respondents),
o Administering the questionnaire, and
o Analyzing and interpreting results
OBSERVATION METHOD
 Observation is the process of acquiring knowledge through the
use of the sense organs.

 In simple terms, observation means seeing things with a


purpose.

 In research terms, observation is a perception with a purpose.

 The observation methods usually look into an occurrence,


event or phenomenon as it is taking place.

 It is basically a qualitative method


The two basic types of observation are:

Participatory and Non-participatory

 In participatory observation, the researcher observes from


within the group under observation while being part of the
group.

 These are non-experimental studies or inquiries conducted as


the subjects (people) are engaged in the natural course of their
lives.

 Participatory observation is an important form of fieldwork.

 Here researchers study groups by becoming a part of the group.


 Outside Observation (Non Participatory Observation)

Some times researchers do not become part of the group


they are studying.

They observe the group’s behaviour from the outside and


not as a part of the group.

Here the chances of getting personal details of behaviours


are less.

In participative observations, the researcher’s sympathy and


concerns are reflected in the interpretations.
CASE STUDY METHOD
 Case studies throw light on individual events or processes.

 It is a kind of qualitative analysis.

 Whether an individual, an institution, a social unit or an


entire community is studied, the subject is considered as a
whole or a unit.

 The case study method covers every aspect of the unit


very intensively.
In the case study method:
 Information is collected through personal interviews,
 Interviews with people close to the subject (or unit being
studied),
 Documents (personal and official as in case of individuals
and institutions respectively), etc.

 The case study method covers emotional and psychological


aspects also.
 It is also time consuming and expensive.
 Often case studies are unorganized and unsystematic as no
standardized methodology is developed
PHYSICAL FORM OF A QUESTIONNAIRE
 Information to be sought
 Type of questionnaire to be used
 Writing a first draft
 Re-examining and revising questions
 Pre-testing and editing the questionnaire
 Specifying procedure for its use
PRE-TESTING A QUESTIONNAIRE
The pre-testing of questionnaire consists of
 selecting,
 approaching and
 interviewing a small segment in the same manner to
be followed in the full-scale operation and
 then analyzing the results in the light of the objective
of the study.
 Pre- test is done for the smooth understanding

 The ambiguous question and complex phrasing are avoided.

 The pre-test is a valuable indicator of the effectiveness of a


questionnaire to collect data.

 Whether the respondents are misinterpreting any question is


known from pre-test.

 The results obtained in a pre- test can suggest new ideas or


hypotheses for further study.

 Before the pre-test the questionnaire should be prepared well to


avoid the test repeatedly
MERITS OF QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD
 Wider and more representative coverage is possible at the same
cost.
 No field staff is required
 Cost per questionnaire relatively low
 No bias of interviews
 Respondent can answer questions directly
 The respondents have a greater confidence that they will not be
identified as holding a particular view or opinion
The Demerits of Questionnaire Method
 High degree of non-response
 Slowest of all methods of data collection
 Assumes that the respondent is educated
 Respondents often misinterpret a question
Thank You

Presented By
Dr Hemdeep Kaur

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