NERVOUS SYSTEM

GRADE XI
SMA BPK PENABUR HOLIS
 The Nervous System
The nervous system consists of two parts:

 Central nervous system (CNS)—brain and spinal

cord
 Peripheral nervous system (PNS)—all of the other
nerves in the body

And two cell types:

 Neurons—receive and transmit electrical impulses

 Glial cells/Neuroglia —support, protect, and insulate
neurons
 Information Processing
 Nervous systems process information
in three stages
 Sensory input, integration, and motor
output

Sensory input
Sensor Integration

Motor output

Effector Central nervous

system (CNS)
 Neuron Structure

Dendrites

Cell body

Nucleus
Synapse
Signal
Axon direction
Axon hillock

Presynaptic cell Postsynaptic cell

Myelin sheath

Synaptic
terminals
 Soma
 Contains nucleus plus most
normal organelles.
 Contains a very active and
developed rough
endoplasmic reticulum
which is responsible for the
synthesis of ________.
 The neuronal rough ER is
referred to as the Nissl
body.
 Contains many bundles of
protein filaments
(neurofibrils) which help
maintain the shape,
structure, and integrity of
the cell.
 Axons
 Axolemma = axon
plasma membrane.
 Surrounded by a myelin
sheath, a wrapping of lipid
which:
 Protects the axon
 Supply the nutrition for axon
 The myelin sheath is made by
oligodendrocytes cell in the CNS and by
schwann cell in the PNS.
 This wrapping is never complete. Interspersed
along the axon are gaps where there is no
myelin – these are nodes of Ranvier.
3 main types of nerve cells

sensory interneurone motor

neurone neurone
 Neurotransmitter Role in the Body
Acetylcholine A neurotransmitter used by the spinal cord neurons to control muscles
and by many neurons in the brain to regulate memory. In most
instances, acetylcholine is excitatory.

Dopamine The neurotransmitter that produces feelings of pleasure when released by

the brain reward system. Dopamine has multiple functions depending on
where in the brain it acts. It is usually inhibitory.

GABA(gamma- The major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.

aminobutyric acid)
Glutamate The most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.
Glycine A neurotransmitter used mainly by neurons in the spinal cord. It
probably always acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
Norepinephrine Norepinephrine acts as a neurotransmitter and a hormone. In the
peripheral nervous system, it is part of the fight-or-flight response. In
the brain, it acts as a neurotransmitter regulating normal brain processes.
Norepinephrine is usually excitatory, but is inhibitory in a few brain
areas.

Serotonin A neurotransmitter involved in many functions including mood, appetite,

and sensory perception. In the spinal cord, serotonin is inhibitory in pain
pathways.
  The membrane potential of a cell can be
measured
APPLICATION Electrophysiologists use intracellular recording to measure the membrane potential of
neurons and other cells.

TECHNIQUE A microelectrode is made from a glass capillary tube filled with an electrically conductive
salt solution. One end of the tube tapers to an extremely fine tip (diameter < 1 µm). While looking through a
microscope, the experimenter uses a micropositioner to insert the tip of the microelectrode into a cell. A
voltage recorder (usually an oscilloscope or a computer-based system) measures the voltage between the
microelectrode tip inside the cell and a reference electrode placed in the solution outside the cell.

Microelectrode
–70 mV

Voltage
recorder

Reference
electrode
Resting Potential Membrane
 Is the membrane potential of a neuron that is not
transmitting signals
 Resting Membrane Potential : -70 mv to -100 mv
 This situation called polarization

CYTOSOL EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
[Na+] – + [Na+]
15 mM 150 mM

[K+] – + [K+]
150 mM 5 mM
– +
[Cl–] [Cl–]
10 mM – + 120 mM
[A–]
100 mM – +

Plasma
membrane
4 main
ion ion Extracellular
that important in ion
Intracellular
distribution :
A- (ion) 

Cl -  

K+  

Na+  
 Action potentials in unmyelinated axons
 Jump between the nodes of Ranvier in a
process called saltatory conduction

Schwann cell

Depolarized region
(node of Ranvier)
Myelin
sheath

––
–
––
+ –
Cell body ++ +
+ +
++
Axon
––– +
++
––
–
 When an action potential reaches a terminal
 The final result is the release of
neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
Postsynaptic cell
Presynaptic
cell

5 Na+
Synaptic vesicles Neuro-
K+
containing transmitter
Presynaptic
neurotransmitter
membrane
Postsynaptic
membrane

Ligand-
gated
Voltage-gated ion channel
Ca2+ channel
1 Ca2+
4 Postsynaptic
2 6
membrane

Synaptic cleft 3

Ligand-gated
ion channels
Action Potential

 This process occurs rapidly

 What do you think can change
neurons and their connections?
 Accidents
 Drugs
 Alcohol
 Disease
Alcohol damages dendrites - can repair after
abstinence

Alcohol blocks
receptors and
slows down
transmission
The Nervous System

 Major division - Central

and Peripheral
 Central or CNS- brain and
spinal cord
 Peripheral- nerves
connecting CNS to
muscles and organs Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

 The Brain
 The human brain
 Contains an estimated 100 billion nerve cells, or
neurons
 Each neuron
 May communicate with thousands of other neurons
 The Brain
The control of certain
cognitive functions is
dominated by either the
right or left cerebral
hemisphere:

Left hemisphere: math,

reasoning, language,
detail-oriented activities

Right hemisphere:
relations, emotional
processing, music
 The Brain
The brain is divided structurally
into three section:

1. Forebrain, consist of :
a. cerebrum
b. thalamus
c. hypothalamus
2. Midbrain
3. Hindbrain, consist of :
a. medulla oblongata
b. cerebellum
c. pons

Each of which is responsible for different body functions

 The Brain: Forebrain
1. The cerebrum:

 Largest part of the brain

 Takes in information
from the senses

 Controls all conscious,

voluntary activities

 Left hemisphere
controls the right side of
the body and vice versa
 The Brain: Forebrain
The cerebrum’s four lobes:
 Frontal lobes—reasoning,
control of voluntary
movement, speech

 Parietal lobes—temperature,
touch, taste, and pain

 Occipital lobes—visual
information

 Temporal lobes—sound,
language comprehension
 The Brain: Midbrain
The midbrain is responsible for controlling sensory
processes.
The Brain: Forebrain

Hypothalamus controls:
 Emotions

 Bodily drives, such as

hunger, thirst, sex drive

 Body temperature and

blood pressure
Thalamus: processing data from receptors
 Internal clock : Inducing except olfactory
sleep or wakefulness

 Release of hormones,
control of pituitary gland
 The Brain: Hindbrain
The medulla oblongata is joined to the spinal cord, and
controls unconscious, yet essential, body functions such
Control the respiration, circulation, ingestion, digestion

Located above the medulla is the pons which serves as

respiration control

Information is relayed from the pons to the cerebellum to

control the co-ordination of muscular movements and
maintain equilibrium.
Peripheral Nervous System

PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS
SYSTEM

SKELETAL AUTONOMIC

CRANIAL PARA
SPINAL NERVE SYMPATHETIC
NERVE SYMPATHETIC
Cranial Nerve

 12 pairs :
1. 3 pairs sensory nerve : I, II and
VIII
2. 5 pairs of motoric nerve : III, IV,
VI, XI,XII
3. 4 pairs of sensory and motoric
nerve : V, VII, IX, X
 Nama Saraf Jenis Saraf Sensorik Jenis Saraf Motorik (
(impuls dari) Impuls menuju ke)
I. Olfaktori Selaput lendir hidung -
II. Optik Retina Mata -
III. Okulomotor - Otot penggerak bola mata,
pengubah tebal lensa dan
penyempitan pupil

IV. Troklear - Otot Penggerak bola mata

V. Trigeminal Gigi dan kulit muka Otot pengunyah
VI. Abdusena - Otot penggerak bola mata
VII. Fasial Ujung pengecap di ujung Otot muka, kelenjar ludah
lidah
VIII. Auditori Koklea dan saluran -
setengah lingkaran
IX. Glososfaring Ujung pengecap di lidah Kelenjar parotis, otot
belakang penelan di faring
X. Vagus Ujung saraf di alat-alat Saraf parasimpatikke
dalam, paru-paru, jantung, lambung, usus
lambung, aorta, laring halus, laring,
kerongkongan
XI. Spinal - Otot belikat
Spinalis Nerve

 31 pairs of sensory nerve and motoric

nerve :
a. 8 pasang saraf leher
b. 12 pasang saraf punggung
c. 5 pasang saraf pinggang
d. 5 saraf saraf pinggul
e. 1 pasang saraf ekor
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland

Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands

Adrenal glands

Pancreas

Ovary
(female)

Testis
(male)