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Group Members
 SANA RASHEED
 KOUKAB MAHNOOR
 RUBY KHAN

SUBMITTED TO:
 MAM FARHAT

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Topic of presentation….

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION

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DEFINITION…A system in which particles of colloidal size of any nature
(e.g. solid, liquid or gas) are dispersed in a continuous phase of a
different composition (or state).

 Colloidal system or colloidal dispersion is a heterogeneous system

which is made up of Dispersed phase and Dispersion medium. In
colloidal dispersion one substance is dispersed as very fine particles
in another substance called dispersion medium. In case of dust,
solid particles are dispersed in air as dispersion medium.

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 Dispersed Systems:

 Dispersed systems consist of particulate matter (dispersed phase),

distributed throughout a continuous phase (dispersion medium).

 They are classified according to the particle diameter of the

dispersed material:

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Dispersed Systems:

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 Types of Colloidal Dispersions (on the basis of
physical state of two phases)
Dispersed phase and dispersion medium can be solid, liquid or gas.
Depending upon the state of dispersed phase and dispersion
medium, eight different types of colloidal dispersions can exist.
Eight Different Types of Colloidal Dispersions are:

Dispersed Dispersion Type of Colloidal

Phase Medium Dispersions

Gas Liquid Foam

Gas Solid Solid foam
Gas Gas Does not exist
Liquid Gas Liquid Aerosol
Liquid Liquid Emulsions
Liquid Solid Gel
Solid Gas Solid Aerosol

Solid Liquid Sol or Colloidal Suspension

Solid Solid Solid sol(solid suspension)

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 Types of Colloidal Dispersions (on the basis of
interaction of the particles of two phases)

 Lyophilic colloids

 Lyophobic colloids

 Association colloids

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 Lyophilic colloids
Lyo means solvent
Philic means loving
Lyophilic means solvent loving
Hence, in lyophilic colloids the degree of interaction is appreciable i.e
the dispersed phase and dispersion medium interacts to a great extent.

When dispersion medium is water they re referred to as hydrophilic

colloids
Examples: gelatin, acacia, albumin

When dispersion medium is non-aqueos ,organic solvents, they are

reffered to as lipophilic colloids
Examples : rubber, polystrene

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Lyophilic colloids (solvent attracting) (solvent
loving) – The particles in a lyophilic system have a great
affinity for the solvent.
If water is the dispersing medium, it is often known as a
hydrosol or hydrophilic.
readily solvated (combined chemically or physically, with
the solvent) and dispersed, even at high concentrations.
More viscid

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Properties of lyophilic colloids
Thermodynamically stable
Form colloidal disprersion spontaneously
Viscosity increses on addition of dispersed phase
the dispersed phase does not precipitate easily

 the sols are quite stable as the solute particle surrounded by two
stability factors:
a- negative or positive charge
b- layer of solvent

If the dispersion medium is separated from the dispersed phase, the
sol can be reconstituted by simply remixing with the dispersion
medium. Hence, these sols are called reversible sols.

Prepared simply by dissolving the material in the solvent being used

e.g. dissolution of acacia in water.

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Lyophobic colloids
Lyo means solvent
Phobic means hating
Lyophobic means solvent hating
Hence, in lyophobic colloids the degree of interaction is
very little i.e the dispersed phase and dispersion
medium interacts to a little extent.

When dispersion medium is water they re referred to as

hydrophobic colloids
Examples:gold, silver and sulphur in water

Properties :
Thermodynamically unstable
Easily salted out on addition of electrolyte
Viscosity does not increases on addition of dispersed phase

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lyophobic (solvent repelling) (solvent hating) - The particles resist
solvation and dispersion in the solvent.
-The concentration of particles is usually relatively low.
-Less viscid

-These colloids are easily precipitated on the addition of small amounts

of electrolytes, by heating or by shaking
-Less stable as the particles surrounded only with a layer of positive or
negative charge
-Once precipitated, it is not easy to reconstitute the sol by simple mixing
with the dispersion medium. Hence, these sols are called irreversible
sols.

-Examples of lyophobic sols include sols of metals and their insoluble

compounds like sulphides and oxides.
e.g. gold in water

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 C- Association / amphiphilic colloids
- Certain molecules termed amphiphiles or surface active agents, characterized by two
regions of opposing solution affinities within the same molecule.

Also known as amphiphilic colloids

Have both polar and non-polar groups
Exist separately in dilute solutions but associate at the critical micelle
concentration to form micelle

Properties :
Thermodynamically stable
CMC reduced by additin of electrolyte in aqueous solutions
Salting ut occur at higher salt concentration
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 Preparation Of Colloids:

Prepared by:
I. Physical method (Bridge‘s arc method)
- This method is employed for obtaining colloidal solutions of metals
e.g. silver, gold, platinum

ice

Dispersion medium
(Water + kOH)
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I. Physical method (Bridge‘s arc method)

 An electric current is struck between two metallic

electrodes placed in a container of water.
 The intense heat of the arc converts the metal into
vapours which condensed immediately in the cold
water bath.
 This results in the formation of particles of colloidal
size.

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 Preparation Of Colloids:

II. Chemical method :by oxidation

- Sulphur solution is obtained by bubbling H2S gas through
the solution of an oxidizing agent like HNO3 or Br2 in
water , according to the following equations:
- Br2 + H2S S + 2 HBr

- HNO3 + H2S H2O + NO2 + S

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 Preparation Of Colloids

LYOPHILIC COLLOIDS :
Easy to form because of affinity of the colloids for the dispersion
medium

Example:
acacia and gelatin dispere easily to form collloidal dispersions when
kept in contact with water

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LYOPHOBIC COLLOIDS
Due to lack of affinity between molecules of the disperse phase and
disperion medium , they are difficult to prepare

Two methods are used

B. CONDENSATION METHOD
A. DISPERSION METHOD

Coarse particles are broken down into

smaller particles of colloidal
dimensions thru suitable means Particles of colloidal dimensions are
prepared by aggregtion of particles of
molecular range

Ultrasonic radiation
Peptization
Example : colloidal sulphur is obtained
Colloid mill
by passing hydrogen sulphide thru
Electrical dispersion aqueous solution of sulphur dioxide

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 PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS
A. PARTICLE SIZE:

Size of colloids generaly varies from 1nm t o1 µm

Actual size can be determined by the use of:
 ultramicrscoe
 By using graded filters during ultrafiltration
 By determining the rate of sedimentation in the
centrifuge

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Optical properties of colloids

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 Optical Properties of Colloids

 The same effect is noticed when a beam of sunlight

enters a dark room through a slit when the beam of
light becomes visible through the room.

 This happens due to the scattering of light by particles

of dust in the air.

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Optical Properties of Colloids

2- Electron microscopy
- Ultra-microscope has declined in recent years as it
does not able to resolve lyophilic colloids.

- so electron microscope is capable of yielding pictures

of actual particles size, shape and structure of colloidal
particles.

- Electron microscope has high resolving power, as its

radiation source is a beam of high energy electrons,
while that of optical microscope is visible light.
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Electron Microscope

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Optical Properties of Colloids

3- Light Scattering
- depend on tyndall effect.
- used to give information about particle size and shape and for
determination of molecular weight of colloids.
- Used to study proteins, association colloids and lyophobic sols.
- Scattering described in terms of turbidity, T

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 Kinetic Properties of Colloids

1-Brownian motion
- The zig-zag movement of colloidal particles
continuously and randomly.

 This brownian motion arises due to the

uneven distribution of the collisions
between colloid particle and the solvent
molecules.

- Brownian movement was more rapid for

smaller particles.

- It decrease with increase the viscosity of

the medium.
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 Kinetic Properties of Colloids

2- Diffusion
- Particles diffuse spontaneously from a region of higher
conc. To one of lower conc. Until the conc. of the
system is uniform throughout.
- Diffusion is a direct result of Brownian motion.

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 Kinetic Properties of Colloids

3- Osmotic pressure
- Osmotic pressure which is a colligative property
depends upon the number of particles in dispersion.

- Can be used to determine the molecular weight of

colloidal material
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- P=C/MRT

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 Kinetic Properties of Colloids

4- Sedimentation

In normal dispersions ,the particles tend to settle under the influence of

gravity but in case of colloidal dispersions,the Brownian movement
tends to offset this sedimentation but promotes mixing
instead.Therefore stronger force must be applied to bring about
sedimentation of colloidal particles.

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 Kinetic Properties of Colloids

5- Viscosity:
- It is the resistance to flow of system under an applied stress. The
more viscous a liquid, the greater the applied force required to
make it flow at a particular rate.

- The viscosity of colloidal dispersion is affected by the shape of

particles of the disperse phase:
Spherocolloids dispersions of low viscosity
Linear particles more viscous dispersions

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 Electrical Properties Of Colloids

 The particles of a colloidal solution are electrically

charged and carry the same type of charge, either
negative or positive.

 The colloidal particles therefore repel each other and do

not cluster together to settle down.

 The charge on colloidal particles arises because of the

dissociation of the molecular electrolyte on the surface.

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 Electrical Double Layer
 Let us consider a solid surface carrying negative charge
in contact with an aqueous solution containing positive
and negative ions.The negatively charged solid surface
wiil influence the distribution of ions surrounding each of
its particles.Thermal motion also has some influence
over the distribution of charges.The resultant effect is
that each particle is surrounded by electrical double
layer….

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 Electrophoresis

 Electrophoresis is the most known electrokinetic

phenomena. It refers to the motion of charged particles
related to the fluid under the influence of an applied
electric field.
 If an electric potential is applied to a colloid, the charged
colloidal particles move toward the oppositely charged
electrode.

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 Electro-osmosis

 It is the opposite in principal to that of electrophoresis.

 When electrodes are placed across a clay mass and a

direct current is applied, water in the clay pore space is
transported to the cathodically charged electrode by
electro-osmosis.

 Electro-osmotic transport of water through a clay is a

result of diffuse double layer cations in the clay pores
being attracted to a negatively charged electrode or
cathode. As these cations move toward the cathode,
they bring with them water molecules that clump around
the cations as a consequence of their dipolar nature.
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Electro-osmosis

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 Sedimentation Potential

 The sedimentation potential also called the

(Donnan effect).
 It is the potential induced by the fall of a charged
particle under an external force field.

 It is analogous to electrophoresis in the sense that a

local electric field is induced as a result of its motion.

 if a colloidal suspension has a gradient of concentration

(such as is produced in sedimentation or
centrifugation), then a macroscopic electric field is
generated by the charge imbalance appearing at the
top and bottom of the sample column. 36
Sedimentation Potential

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 Streaming Potential

 Differs from electro-osmosis in that the potential is

created by forcing a liquid to flow through a bed or plug
of particles.

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 Stability of colloids

 Stabilization serves to prevent colloids from

aggregation.
 The presence and magnitude, or absence of a charge
on a colloidal particle is an important factor in the
stability of colloids.
 Two main mechanisms for colloid stabilization:
1-Steric stabilization i.e. surrounding each particle with a
protective solvent sheath which prevent adherence due
to Brownian movement
2-electrostatic stabilization i.e. providing the particles
with electric charge 39
 Stability of colloids

A- Lyophobic sols:
- Unstable.
- The particles stabilized only by the presence of electrical charges on
their surfaces through the addition of small amount of electrolytes.

- The like charges produce repulsion which prevent coagulation of the

particles and subsequent settling.

- Addition of electrolytes beyond necessary for maximum stability results

in accumulation of opposite ions and decrease zeta potential
coagulation precipitation of colloids.

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 Stability of colloids

- Coagulation also result from mixing of oppositely

charged colloids.
B- Lyophilic sols and association colloids:
- Stable
- Present as true solution
- Addition of moderate amounts of electrolytes not cause
coagulation (opposite lyophobic)

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 Stability of colloids

 This is obtained by:

1- Addition of large amounts of electrolytes (SCHULZE –
HARDY RULE) which reduces the zeta potential
- Anions arranged in a decreasing order of precipitating
power: citrate > tartrate > sulfate > acetate > chloride>
nitrate > bromide > iodide
- The precipitation power is directly related to the
hydration of the ion and its ability to separate water
molecules from colloidal particles

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 Stability of colloids

2- addition of less polar solvent

- e.g. alcohol, acetone
- The addition of less polar solvent renders the solvent
mixture unfavourable for the colloids and reduces
solubility.

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 GOLD NUMBER
“Gold number is the number of milligrams of protective colloid which
must be added to 10 mL of gold sol to prevent coagulation solution of
sodium chloride is added to the gold sol”.

It is detected by a colour change from red to blue.

it is obvious that the smaller the gold number the
greater will be the protective action of the given
hydrophilic colloid.

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 INTERACTION OF COLLOIDS

1. MUTUAL PRECIPITATION :
 When two oppositely charged hydrophobic colloids are mixed ,
precipitation takes place.

 2 . COACERVATE FORMATION :
Coacervation:
Definition: the process of mixing negatively and positively charged
hydrophilic colloids, and hence the particles separate from the
dispersion to form a layer rich in the colloidal aggregates
(coacervate).

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3. Sensitization and protective colloidal
action:

 Sensitization: the addition of small amount of

hydrophilic or hydrophobic colloid to a hydrophobic
colloid of opposite charge tend to sensitize
(coagulate) the particles.
 Polymer flocculants can bridge individual colloidal
particles by attractive electrostatic interactions.
 For example, negatively-charged colloidal silica
particles can be flocculated by the addition of a
positively-charged polymer.

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 Protection: the addition of large amount of
hydrophilic colloid (protective colloid) to a
hydrophobic colloid tend to stabilize the system.
 This may be due to:
The hydrophile is adsorbed as a monomolecular layer on
the hydrophobic particles.

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