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Endogenic Processes

Endogenic processes are internal geological processes that occur within the Earth and shape its landforms. They include tectonic processes like folding, faulting, and shearing, as well as volcanism. Tectonic processes are driven by convection currents in the Earth's mantle and cause the movement and deformation of tectonic plates. Evidence for plate tectonics includes paleomagnetism in ancient rocks, the distribution of earthquakes along plate boundaries, and seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges. There are three main types of plate boundaries: convergent where plates collide, divergent where they move apart, and transform where they slide past each other horizontally.

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116 views36 pages

Endogenic Processes

Endogenic processes are internal geological processes that occur within the Earth and shape its landforms. They include tectonic processes like folding, faulting, and shearing, as well as volcanism. Tectonic processes are driven by convection currents in the Earth's mantle and cause the movement and deformation of tectonic plates. Evidence for plate tectonics includes paleomagnetism in ancient rocks, the distribution of earthquakes along plate boundaries, and seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges. There are three main types of plate boundaries: convergent where plates collide, divergent where they move apart, and transform where they slide past each other horizontally.

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antonio Almiranes
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ENDOGENIC

PROCESSES
PREPARED BY: MS. CARRIEN JOY M. ALLESA
WHAT IS ENDOGENIC PROCESSES?
• Endogenic processes are internal processes that occur beneath Earth.
These result in reshaping of Earth's landforms.
• Endogenic processes gets its energy from within Earth. The source of
heat is radioactive decay, which give off heat.
Important endogenic processes
1. Tectonic processes (folding, faulting, and shearing)
2. Volcanism
EARTH'S LAYER
TECTONIC PROCESSES:
THEORIES AND PLATE BOUNDARIES
• Tectonics- is the study of the processes that deform Earth's crust.
CONTINENTAL DRIFT AND PLATE
TECTONIC THEORY
• Continental drift- was proposed by ALFRED
WEGENER
• Pangaea- huge landmass
• Panthalessa- a single ocean surrounded the
pangaea
CONTINENTAL DRIFT AND PLATE
TECTONIC THEORY
EVIDENCES OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT
• Deposits of glacial debris
• Fossil remains of certain plant
species and animals
• Rock formations
LYSTROSAURUS
• Discovered its skull in a sandstone layer in the Alexandria mountain
range of Antartica.
• This reptile lived about 200 million years ago.
• Its bones found in Africa
• Its teeth found in Antarctica
PLATE TECTONICS
• Studies on ocean and earthquakes have provided new insights in the
behavior of the lithosphere.
• Plate tectonic theory- proposes that the litosphere consist of seven
large and numerous smaller segments called plates.
• The plates rest upon the soft layer of asthenosphere.
• Convection flow- the driving force for plate movement in which warm
buoyant rocks rise and cooler materials sink.
Convection flow
EVIDENCES OF PLATE TECTONIC THEORY
Paleomagnetism or fossil magnetism- refers to fossils (especially
rocks) formed millions of years ago and contain record of the
direction of the magnetic poles at the time of their formation. A study
of rock magnetism showed that the Earth's magnetic field periodically
reverses polarity.
Paleomagnetism or fossil magnetism
EVIDENCES OF PLATE TECTONIC THEORY

Distribution of earthquakes- earthquakes often occur along faults.


Faults are breaks in a rock mass where plates movemnt has occured.
Faults are associated with plate boundaries.
PLATE BOUNDARIES
Plate boundary- is a fracture separating one plate from another.

There are three types of boundaries based on the type of movement


1. Convergent boundary
2. Divergent boundary
3. Transform fault boundary
CONVERGENT BOUNDARY
Occurs when two plates move toward each other.
Crust is destroyed when two plates converge.
The heavier plate dives (subduct) beneath the more bouyant plate.
Convergent boundaries are also subduction zones.
1. Oceanic-continental convergence
2. Oceanic-oceanic convergence
3. Continental-continental convergence
OCEANIC-CONTINENTAL CONVERGENCE
OCEANIC-OCEANIC CONVERGENCE
CONTINENTAL-CONTINENTAL CONVERGENCE
DIVERGENT BOUNDARY
Occurs when two plates move away
Most divergent boundaries occur along the crest of oceanic ridges,
Seafloor spreading- when the plates move apart, there is upwelling of
magma from the hot mantle below. As the magma cools, new
seafloor is created.
DIVERGENT BOUNDARY
TRANSFORM FAULT BOUNDARY
Occurs when plates slide horizontally past one another.
Commonly affect the active spreading ridges, producing zig-zag plate
margins.
The San Andreas fault is one of the few transform faults found on
land.
TRANSFORM FAULT BOUNDARY
The San Andreas fault
OCEAN BASIN: EVOLUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS
Continental shelf- is a relatively shallow gently sloping part of the
continental crust that borders the continent.
Continental slope- which leads to the deep water.
Continental break- boundary between the continental slope and
shelf. A significant feature of continental slope is the presence of
submarine canyons.
Continental rise- after the steep continental slope is a more gradual
incline. It links the deep ocean basin floor to the continental slope.
OCEAN BASIN
OCEAN BASIN
• The ocean floor is formed at the base of the continental rise. It is
4000 to 6000 meters deep.
• It consist of thin basaltic rock
• There are many volcanoes found on the floor of the ocean basin.
TECTONIC FORCES AND PROCESSES
Rock may undergo deformation.
Deformation- refers to the chage in the original shape and size of a
rock.
The deformation is caused by tectonic forces.
When rocks are subjected to stresses (tectonic processes), they begin
to deform by folding and faulting.
FOLDING
Folding or folds occur when rocks are pushed towards each other
from opposite sides. The rock layers bend into folds.
Kinds of tectonic process and their corresponding deformation
1. Tension stress (stretching)
2. Compressional stress (squeezing)
3. Shearing stress (side to side shearing)
FOLDING
Types of folding
FAULTING
Faulting -is the fracture and displacement of brittle rocks strata along
a fault.
Faults- are fractures along the crust in which displacement has
occured.
Types of faults
1. Dip-Slip fault
2. Strike-Slip fault
DIP-SLIP FAULT
• The movement of the two blocks is vertical
Examples: Normal and Reverse fault
STRIKE-SLIP FAULT
• The dominant displacement is horizontal and parallel.
• A special kind of strike-slip fault is the transform fault.
Relationships among weathering, mass wasting,
and erosion

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