NEWTON’S L AWS

OF MOTION
Is there a theory that can fully explain and links together all physical
aspects of the universe?
Is there a theory in physics that can unite all four fundamental forces
of nature?
 Contact forces
Examples:
Applied force
Frictional force
Normal force

Force Noncontact forces

Examples:
Gravitational force
Electrical force
Magnetic force
FOUR FUNDAMENTAL FORCES OF NATURE
NOTES

 There are attempts to unify strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force and electromagnetic force
under the GRAND UNIFIED THEORY.
 Steps are also undertaken to unite all four fundamental forces under THE THEORY OF
EVERYTHING
 But, only the electromagnetic force and weak force have been successfully united through the
efforts of Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam, and Steven Weinberg in the 1970s, reducing the
fundamental forces from four to three.
What are the different rules that we have agreed here inside the classroom?

How about the rules in the school?

Why is it important to make rules?

Does motion also have its own rules?

NEWTON’S L AWS
OF MOTION
Isaac Newton was credited for being the
first to describe the motion of massive
objects and formulate the three laws of
motion. Newton’s laws of motion
constitute the fundamental principles of
dynamics, which deals with force in relation
to the motion of an object.
LAW OF INERTIA
(FIRST LAW OF MOTION)
“ An object at rest will remain at rest and a
body in motion will continue to move with
constant velocity unless acted upon by an
unbalanced external force”
 Forces are balanced

Object at rest Object in uniform

V= 0 m/s motion
V ≠ 0 m/s

Stay at rest
Stay in motion
(same velocity and
direction)
“ AN OBJECT AT REST WILL REMAIN AT REST AND A BODY IN
MOTION WILL CONTINUE TO MOVE WITH CONSTANT VELOCITY
UNLESS ACTED UPON BY AN UNBAL ANCED EXTERNAL FORCE”

Inertia is the natural tendency of an object to resist

change in its state of motion.
Mass is a measure of an objects inertia.
ASSIGNMENT

Research about Republic Act 8750

 Take note how the state pursues a more proactive and preventive approach in securing the
safety of the passengers and drivers at all times.
 Relate RA 8750 to the Law of Inertia.

Why do we have to use seatbelts?

INERTIAL REFERENCE FRAME
- It is a frame of reference where Newton’s first law of motion holds
- It can be an object or person or location that we pretend that it is completely still and we
assess the motion of other objects relative to this inertial reference frame

An inertial frame of reference can be:

 at rest
 moving with constant velocity with respect to an observer
 moving with constant velocity with respect to an inertial frame
 Forces are unbalanced

Acceleration

Net force Mass

acceleration ∝ net force acceleration ∝ 1

mass
LAW OF ACCELERATION
(SECOND LAW OF MOTION)
“ The acceleration of the body is directly
proportional to the force applied to it and in the
same direction as the applied force but inversely
proportional to the mass of the body”
F= ma (Eq. A)
ƩFx= max ƩFy= may ƩFz= maz
SAMPLE PROBLEM

A 3.0 kg block is acted upon by a force F= (3.0i + 4.0j) N. (a) Find the
magnitudes of the horizontal and vertical components of
acceleration of the block. (b) Find the magnitude and direction of the
acceleration of the block.
PRACTICE EXERCISE

A 5.0 kg body has an acceleration of 2.5 m/s2 directed 30 north of

west. Find (a) the horizontal and vertical components of its
acceleration and (b) the force that produces this acceleration written
in terms of unit vectors.
MASS AND WEIGHT

Mass is the amount of matter an object contains

Weight is the measurement of the force of gravity exerted in an object.

w= mg (Eq. B)
SAMPLE PROBLEM

An astronaut weighs 931 N here on Earth. (a) What is his mass on

Earth? (b) What is his mass on the surface of the moon? (c) What is
his weight on the surface of the moon? (Hint: The acceleration due
to gravity on the surface of the moon is 1.62 m/s2).
PRACTICE EXERCISE

The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of Jupiter is 254

percent times that of Earth. An object has a mass of 55 kg here on
Earth. What will be its weight at the surface of Jupiter?
 force on the table

force on the object

ACTION-REACTION FORCES

- Forces that are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.

- Acts on two different bodies and because of this, they do not cancel out

Action force

Reaction force
LAW OF INTERACTION
(THIRD LAW OF MOTION)
“Each action brings an equal and opposite
reaction. Forces either pushes or pulls resulting
from the interactions between the object.”
SAMPLE PROBLEM
At a roller skating rink, a girl pushes a boy, causing the boy to accelerate at 1.50
m/s2 to the right. The masses of the boy and the girl are 60.0 and 50.0 kg,
respectively. (a) Find the force exerted by the girl on the boy. (b) Find the force
exerted by the boy on the girl. (c) Find the acceleration of the girl.
PRACTICE EXERCISE

Mickey and Kyle of masses 35 kg and 55kg, respectively, are standing

on a very slippery icy surface. Kyle pushes Mickey to the left with a
force of 75 N. Find (a) the acceleration of Mickey, (b) the force that
Mickey exerts on Kyle, and (c) the acceleration of Kyle.
What is equilibrium?
How can the concept of equilibrium be applied to improve our lives?
 Static
equilibrium
Equilibrium
Dynamic
equilibrium
 This motionless person is in static equilibrium. The forces
acting on him add up to 0.

This car is in dynamic equilibrium

because it is moving at constant
velocity. The forces in all directions are
balanced.
FIRST CONDITION
OF EQUILIBRIUM
The net force acting on an object in equilibrium is zero. In equation form,

ƩFnet= 0 (Eq. C)
In component form,
ƩFx = 0; ƩFy = 0; ƩFz = 0
FBD

A free- body diagram is a diagram of the object separated from its

surroundings showing the magnitude and direction of all forces acting
on it.
Two balls are hanged one after the other as shown in the figure. The upper ball
weighs 0.35 N, while the lower ball weighs 0.28 N. (a) Draw a free- body diagram
for each ball. (b) Find the tension in each string supporting the balls.

w1

w2
PRACTICE EXERCISE
A Christmas decoration consists of three identical balls, each with a mass of 0.15 kg. It was
hanged from a ceiling as shown. Find the tension in the portion of the string supporting each ball.
Neglect the mass of the string.
Why does a body accelerate?

What is the direction of acceleration?

What effect does acceleration have on objects?

ACCELERATING
SYSTEM OF
MASSES
ATWOOD MACHINE

The equation of motion for the

two-mass system is
(m2 – m1)g = (m1 + m2)a

a= (m2 – m1)g
(m1 + m2)
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Two blocks of masses m1= 4.5 kg and m2= 6.5 kg resting on a frictionless surface are connected
by a light inextensible cord as shown in the figure below. A horizontal force F of 33.0 N directed
to the right is applied to the block with m1 as shown. Find (a) the acceleration of the masses and
(b) the tension T in the cord.

m2 m1 F

frictionless surface
MECHANICS
1. Go to your respective groups to discuss a topic.
2. Once you are in your group, pic a HOST and then the teacher will give you a topic to
discuss
 the HOST will be the one to take down notes and write important information from the
discussion
3. When the teacher calls time, the HOST will remain and everyone else moves to the next
group
4. In your new group, the HOST summarizes the previous discussion and another HOST is
selected. Then the teacher will give you another topic.
 the HOST will be the one to take down notes and write important information from the
discussion
5. After the last round, everyone should go back to their original groups and some up all the
information they have gathered.
FIRST CONDITION
OF EQUILIBRIUM
ACCELERATING
SYSTEM OF
MASSES
 IMPULSE-
MOMENTUM
THEOREM
1. What causes friction?
2. What factors affect the amount of friction between two
objects in contact?
3. What are the three types of friction?
4. When does static friction occur? Kinetic or sliding
friction? Rolling friction?
5. What does friction play in our daily life?
FRICTION
 Static friction

Kinetic or
sliding friction
Friction
Rolling
friction

Fluid friction
 LAWS ON FRICTION
1. Static friction is greater in magnitude than kinetic friction.

2. Friction acts parallel to the surfaces in contact and in a direction so as to

opposite motion.

3. Friction is independent of the area of contact and speed of sliding.

4. Friction is proportional to the normal force.

5. Friction depends on the nature of surfaces in contact and condition of

surface, whether the surfaces are rough, smooth, polished or wet.
EXPLORE
Design your own experiment that will show
how friction can be increased and decreased.
You need to present the materials, procedure,
data analysis, and conclusion in a written
laboratory report.
CENTER OF MASS
CENTER OF MASS
- It is a point where the mass of the system is concentrated

CM CM
The center of mass for extended bodies may be solved by getting the mass weighted position of
the bodies.

xCM = x1m1 + x2m2 + x3m3+ …… Ʃxm

m1 + m2 + m3 + ….. Ʃm

yCM = y1m1 + y2m2 + y3m3+ …… Ʃym

m1 + m2 + m3 + ….. Ʃm

ZCM = z1m1 + z2m2 + z3m3+ …… Ʃzm

m1 + m2 + m3 + ….. Ʃm
The motion of the center of mass characterizes that of the system as a whole.

vCM = v1m1 + v2m2 + v3m3+ …… Ʃvm

m1 + m2 + m3 + ….. Ʃm
SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. Three 1.2 kg point particles are placed in the x-y coordinate system, as shown in the figure
below. Find the center of mass of this system.
y

(0 m, 1.0 m) 3

(0 m, 0 m) 1 2 x

(1.0 m, 0 m)

2. Particle A of mass 2.0 kg is moving at 15.0 m/s to the east. Particle B of mass 3.0 kg is also
moving to the east at 10.0 m/s. Find the velocity of the center of mass of the two particles.
CENTER OF
GRAVIT Y
STATICS
- Is concerned with the calculation of forces acting on and within structures that are in equilibrium.

CENTER OF GRAVITY
- The center of gravity of a body is the point where its entire weight may be assumed to be
concentrated.
Group 1:
Motion of heavenly bodies according to Greeks

Group 2:
Motion of heavenly bodies according to Nicolaus Copernicus
Danish astronomer Tycho
Brahe recorded accurate
measurements of the motion
of planets around the sun.
KEPLER‘S L AWS
OF PL ANETARY
MOTION
foci
LAW OF ELLIPSES
“ The orbit of the planet
around the sun is an
ellipse with the sun at the
focus.”
LAW OF EQUAL AREAS
“ The planet moves around the
sun in such a way that a line
drawn from the sun to the
planet sweeps out equal areas in
equal intervals of time.”
perihelion aphelion
LAW OF PERIODS
“ The ratio of the squares of the periods T of
any two planets revolving around the sun is
equal to the ratio of the cubes of their distances
d from the sun.“
T1 2 d1 3
T2 d2
The mean solar distance of Mercury is 0.387 AU. What is its period?
T1 2 0.387 AU 3
1y 1 AU

T1 = (0.387)3/2 y= 0.24y or 88 days.

Therefore, Mercury takes around 88 days to travel around the sun once.
One-Minute Paper

“ The three important things I learned today is …… “

 ASSIGNMENT

Answer Practice Exercise 7.10 on page 188 of your Physics

Textbook.
NEWTON’S L AW
OF UNIVERSAL
GRAVITATION
“ Every object in the universe attracts every
other object with a force proportional to the
product of their masses, m1 and m2, and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance r
between them.”
F= m1m2
G 2
r
G is the universal gravitational constant equal to 6.674 x 10-11 N●m2/kg2
1.CENTER OF
GRAV IT Y

2 .NEWTON’S L AW OF
UNIV ERS A L
G RAVITATION
Compare the gravitational force of attraction on a 1.0
kg object when it is at the surface of the moon to the
gravitational force on the same object when it is at
the surface of Earth. (mass of the moon= 7.35 x 1022
kg; radius of the moon= 1.738 x 106 m; mass of
Earth= 6 x 1024kg; radius of Earth= 6.4 x 106 m)