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Spread Spectrum

Spread spectrum techniques like frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS), and code division multiple access (CDMA) are used in wireless communications to make jamming and interception harder. FHSS transmits signals over seemingly random frequencies, while DSSS spreads each bit over multiple bits using a spreading code. CDMA allows multiple channels to be superimposed using user-specific spreading codes. These techniques provide advantages like immunity to noise and interference, ability for multiple users to share bandwidth, and signal encryption.

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167 views30 pages

Spread Spectrum

Spread spectrum techniques like frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS), and code division multiple access (CDMA) are used in wireless communications to make jamming and interception harder. FHSS transmits signals over seemingly random frequencies, while DSSS spreads each bit over multiple bits using a spreading code. CDMA allows multiple channels to be superimposed using user-specific spreading codes. These techniques provide advantages like immunity to noise and interference, ability for multiple users to share bandwidth, and signal encryption.

Uploaded by

albin paul
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data and Computer

Communications
Chapter 9 – Spread Spectrum

Eighth Edition
by William Stallings

Lecture slides by Lawrie Brown


Spread Spectrum
All creative people want to
do the unexpected.
—Ecstasy and Me: My
Life as a Woman,
Hedy Lamarr
Spread Spectrum
• important encoding method for wireless
communications
• transmit either analog or digital data using analog
signal
• spreads data over a wider bandwidth to make
jamming and interception harder
• two approaches, both in use:
• frequency hopping (first type)
• direct sequence (more recent)
General Model of Spread Spectrum
System
Spread Spectrum Advantages
• immunity from noise and multipath distortion
• can hide / encrypt signals
• several users can share same higher bandwidth with little
interference
• CDM/CDMA mobile telephones
Pseudorandom Numbers
• generated by a deterministic algorithm
• not actually random
• but if algorithm good, results pass reasonable tests of randomness
• starting from an initial seed
• need to know algorithm and seed to predict sequence
• hence only receiver can decode signal
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
(FHSS)
• signal is broadcast over seemingly random series of
frequencies
• receiver hops between frequencies in sync with
transmitter
• eavesdroppers hear unintelligible blips
• jamming on one frequency affects only a few bits
Frequency Hopping Example
Frequency Hopping
• A spreading code dictates the sequence of channels used.
• Transmitter and receiver use the same code  same sequence.
• Typically, there are 2k carrier frequencies forming 2k channels.
• The width of each channel usually corresponds to the bandwidth
of the input signal.
• Transmitter operates in one channel at a time for a fixed interval
(e.g., IEEE 802.11 standard uses a 300-ms interval)
• During an interval, a number of bit (or a fraction of a bit) is
transmitted using some encoding scheme.
FHSS (Transmitter)
FHSS (Receiver)
Slow and Fast FHSS
• commonly use multiple FSK (MFSK) in conjunction with
FHSS
• have frequency shifted every Tc seconds
• duration of signal element is Ts seconds
• Slow FHSS has Tc  Ts
• Fast FHSS has Tc < Ts
• FHSS more resistant to noise or jamming
• 3 more more frequencies (chips) are used for each signal element:
receiver can decide which signal element was sent on the basis of
a majority of the chips being correct.
Slow MFSK FHSS
Fast MFSK FHSS
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
(DSSS)

• each bit is represented by multiple bits using a spreading


code
• this spreads signal across a wider frequency band
• has performance similar to FHSS
DSSS Example
DSSS Implementations
• Assume a BPSK modulation scheme
• Use +1 and –1 to represent the two binary digits.
• To produce the DSSS signal, multiply the BPSK signal
by c(t), which is the PN sequence taking on values of
+1 and –1:
s(t) = A d(t)c(t) cos(2πfct)
• At the receiver, the incoming signal is multiplied again
by c(t). c(t)  c(t) = 1, the original signal is recovered.
• Implementation 1: multiply d(t) and c(t) together and
then perform the BPSK modulation
• Implementation 2: next slide
DSSS
System
Implementation
• s(t) = A d(t) cos(2πfct)
• d(t) = 1 or -1 for BPSK
• Chipping signal c(t) = 1 or -1 for 1 or 0
• Encoding:
• s'(t) = A d(t)c(t) cos(2πfct)
• Decoding:
• s(t) = A d(t)c(t) cos(2πfct) x c(t)
• s(t) = A d(t) cos(2πfct)
DSSS
Example
Using
BPSK
Approximate
Spectrum of
DSSS Signal
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
• a multiplexing technique used with spread spectrum
• given a data signal rate D
• break each bit into k chips according to a fixed chipping
code specific to each user
• resulting new channel has chip data rate kD chips per
second
• can have multiple channels superimposed
CDMA
Example
Example: Simultaneous Transmissions
Simultaneous Transmissions:
Decoding
Single Transmission
CDMA for DSSS
Benefits of Code Division Multiple
Access (CDMA) Technology
• CDMA radio technology offers the following
benefits to wireless carriers:
• Increase of about 6 to 18 times the capacity compared
to the original legacy analog AMPS
• Simplified RF engineering, due to the N = 1 reuse
pattern in CDMA systems
• Increased performance over the weakest link in the
wireless system, the air interface by using rake
receivers to resolve multipath fading
Benefits of Code Division Multiple
Access (CDMA) Technology (2)
• Lower transmitted power levels. Lower power bills at the
base station level and longer battery life for CDMA
handsets
• Greater security due to the encoding of CDMA signals
• Enhanced performance and voice quality due to soft-
handoff operations
Summary
• Use of spread spectrum techniques:
• FHSS
• DSSS
• CDMA

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