Project Planning and Monitoring

Prepared by Project Monitoring Cell - Kolkata Slide No. - 1

 Project
A project is generally a non – recurring task having
(i) a definable beginning and end,
(ii) with a definite mission and
(iii) has a set of objectives and achievements.

Project management is a application of knowledge, skills , tools and techniques

to achieve the objectives of a defined project with the aim to ensure that :
A project is completed within the schedule time, authorized cost and to the
requirement of quality standards

Ref. IS 15883 (Part 1) : 2013

Prepared by Project Monitoring Cell - Kolkata Slide No. - 2
 Few Construction Project Management Functions

Scope Management

Time Management

Resource Management

Cost Management

Prepared by Project Monitoring Cell - Kolkata Ref. IS 15883 (Part 1) : 2013

Slide No. - 3
 Scope and Time Management

Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) of the project shall be basic tool for defining
the scope baseline

Time Management essentially involves following processes :

1) Defining project scope in the form of WBS to generate activity identification

and listing

2) Activity duration estimating

3) Activity sequencing with inter activity dependencies

4) Project schedule development

5) Project schedule control

Prepared by Project Monitoring Cell - Kolkata Example – 1 (Scope) Ref. IS 15883 (Part 1) : 2013
Slide No. - 4
 2) Activity duration estimating

Deterministic activity duration shall be calculated as :

Duration, TE = q / p x n
Where : q = amount of work to be executed in an activity with an unit
p = resource productivity standard
n = number of identified resource group that may be deployed on
the activity time

Contingency planning for activity duration shall include modifying the above calculated
activity duration based on :
1. Activity constraints of time, location, etc.
2. Risks foreseen for the activities
3. Study of the project environment and other subjective issue

Prepared by Project Monitoring Cell - Kolkata Ref. IS 15883 (Part 2) : 2013

Slide No. - 5
 3) Activity sequencing with inter activity dependencies

Finish to start (FS) : Successor activity to start after the predecessor activity finishes

Start to start (SS) : Successor activity to start after the predecessor activity has
started and is partly complete. So, for some duration both the activities shall take
place simultaneously

Finish to finish (FF) : Successor activity to finish only after the predecessor activity
has finished. In this situation also for some duration both the activities shall take place
simultaneously

Start to finish (SF) : There is a relationship between the start of the predecessor
activity and the finishing of successor activity

Example – 2 (Time line Schedule) Ref. IS 15883 (Part 2) : 2013

Prepared by Project Monitoring Cell - Kolkata Slide No. - 6
 4) Project schedule development

Scheduling involves putting the project plan on a calendar, i.e. identifying

planed start and finish dates for the activities.

A milestone defines point of time indicating the start or finish of an

important group of activities.
Milestone can be any component of the WBS

Prepared by Project Monitoring Cell - Kolkata Ref. IS 15883 (Part 2) : 2013

Slide No. - 7
 Resource Management

Schedule of following resource requirements with respect to time shall be developed

1) Technology (Methodology)
2) Manpower
i) Staff
ii) Skilled Labour
iii) Unskilled Labour
3) Machinery
4) Materials
5) Cash Flow

Prepared by Project Monitoring Cell - Kolkata Ref. IS 15883 (Part 2) : 2013

Slide No. - 8
 Planning of skilled / unskilled labour

Work quantity required to be executed

Workers required = -----------------------------------------------------------
Worker’s productivity per day

Example :
Consider a task involving 160 sqm of fixing timber formwork for the roof slab of a single- storey building. The time
earmarked for completion is four days, when working eight hours per day. If a worker’s team, consisting of one
skilled worker and two unskilled workers can install the formwork at the rate of 5 sqm/day, then :

Effort required = Formwork quantity / Output per team

= 160 Sqm / 5 Sqm per team day
= 32 team days
Teams required = Team days / Completion period
= 32 team days / 4 days [source : Basics of Construction Management]
= 8 days
Workers required = 8 Team of (1 skilled + 2 unskilled)
= 8 skilled + 16 unskilled

Prepared by Project Monitoring Cell - Kolkata Example – 3 (Manpower schedule) Slide No. - 9
 Planning of consumable material
Material required = (Work quantity required to be executed X Co-efficient of consumption) + Wastage
(Rolling Margin is to considered and added in reinforcement wherever applicable)
Monthly projection of Quantities

SN Activities Unit M1 M2 M3
1 Concrete (M25) Cum 1000 1200 1500
2 Reinforcement MT 100 120 150
Material requirement based on quantity plan
SN Materials Unit Co.eff Wastage M1 M2 M3
1 Concrete
0.4 1% 404 485 606
1.1 Cement MT
1000 x 0.4 x 101% 1200 x 0.4 x 101% 1500 x 0.4 x 101%
0.59 5% 620 743 929
1.2 Sand Cum 1000 x 0.59 x
1200 x 0.59 x 105% 1500 x 0.59 x 105%
105%
0.34 3% 350 420 525
1.3 Aggregate 10 mm Cum 1000 x 0.34 x
1200 x 0.34 x 103% 1500 x 0.34 x 103%
103%
0.37 3% 381 457 572
1.4 Aggregate 20 mm Cum 1000 x 0.37 x
1200 x 0.37 x 103% 1500 x 0.37 x 103%
103%
0.002 1% 2.02 2.42 3.03
1.5 Addmixture MT 1000 x .002 x
1200 x .002 x 101% 1200 x .002 x 101%
101%
1 2.5% 103 123 154
2 Reinforcement MT
1000 x 1 x 102.5% 1200 x 1 x 102.5% 1500 x 1 x 102.5%
Prepared by Project Monitoring Cell - Kolkata Example - 4 (Material Schedule) Slide No. - 10
 Planning of Plant and Machineries

Work quantity required to be executed

Plant and Machinery required = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Efficiency of Equipment

Example : Calculate Batching Plant and Transit Mixer to be installed at site with following parameters

Total Concrete as per BOQ = 1,00,000cum

Total duration of concreting activity = 20 months

Average concrete requirement / month as per schedule = 5000 cum

(Average concrete requirement / day, considering 26 working day = 5000 / 26 = 193 cum)

Peak requirement in a day as per schedule = 300cum.

Maximum size of single pour = 250 Cum

Considering condition of access road, efficiency of 6 cum transit mixer = 5 cum

Prepared by Project Monitoring Cell - Kolkata Slide No. - 11

 Planning of Plant and Machineries

Batching Plant:

Assuming 10 working hrs per day for Batching Plant, required output = 300 / 10 = 30 cum / hour

Average production efficiency of 45 cum Batching Plant= 30 cum. / hour

Average production efficiency of 30 cum Batching Plant= 20 cum. / hour

Preferably, two no.s 30 cum Batching Plant should be installed at the project to avoid idling of resources during breakdown and to
pour higher volume of concrete if necessary.

Transit Mixer:

Considering distance between Batching Plant and most distant pour point, one cycle time (incl.loading, travelling and discharging) for
each transit mixer = 1 hr 30 mins

Considering condition of access road, efficiency of 6 cum transit mixer = 5 cum

Considering 10 working hours / day, concrete carrying capacity of one TM / day = (10/1.5) X 5= 30 cum.

Hence, the requirement of TM for the project during peak = 300 / 30 = 9 no.s

However an additional TM may be required as a standby especially during breakdown / to pour of higher volume of concrete if
necessary.
Prepared by Project Monitoring Cell - Kolkata Slide No. - 12
 Planning of Plant and Machineries
Example : Estimate Hourly Production of a backhoe with bucket capacity of 0.96 CuM, employed on excavation
of a foundation 4 meters deep in hard soil. The excavated earth is to be loaded in dump trucks, placed at a swing
angle of 75 degree. The expected performance efficiency is 80%

Ideal output of backhoe with bucket capacity of 0.96 CuM = 150 loose CuM (LCM) / hour

Backhoe output using equipment conversion factor of 0.8 operating at an optimum depth = 150 LCM X 80% =
120 LCM

Following correction factor to apply to actual efficiency of excavator :

Soil factor for digging hard soil = 0.67

Load factor for loading in dump trucks = 0.80 [Source : Basics of Construction Management]

Swing factor at 75 degree = 1.05

Considering performance efficiency as 80%

Expected output / hr of backhoe = 120 X 0.67 X 0.80 X 1.05 X 80% = 54 LCM / hr.

Prepared by Project Monitoring Cell - Kolkata Example -5 (Plant & Machinery schedule) Slide No. - 13
 Micro-level Planning and Reporting

Micro-level planning

Monthly target sub-divided into weeks showing Example – 6 (Plan)

 Week-wise programme of activities and quantities to be executed

 Week-wise requirement of labour requirement (for individual category)

Reporting

 Day-wise progress of activities and quantities executed

 Day-wise deployment of labour (for individual category) Example - 7 (Reporting)

Daily progress to be summed up to get report of weekly progress / labour deployment

Prepared by Project Monitoring Cell - Kolkata Slide No. - 14

 Monitoring

 Weekly Progress is to be reviewed against planned target and necessary

adjustment should be done in programme of balance weeks

 Workers’ productivity is to calculated / reviewed and necessary corrective action

(regarding productivity / no. of worker) should be taken for achieving target of
balance week

Prepared by Project Monitoring Cell - Kolkata Slide No. - 15

 Monitoring

Worker’s Productivity

Example :
A task involving 160 SqM of fixing conventional formwork for the roof slab of a
single storey building completed in 4 days, by a workers’ team, consisting of 8
skilled and 16 unskilled workers, then calculate the workers’ productivity :

Productivity of team = Formwork quantity / Completion period

= 160 Sqm / 4 days
= 40 Sqm per day by 8 skilled labour + 16 unskilled labour
or = 5 Sqm per day by 1 skilled labour + 2 unskilled labour
[Source : Basics of Construction Management]

Prepared by Project Monitoring Cell - Kolkata Slide No. - 16

 Monitoring

Equipment’s Productivity

Example :
If a front-end loader on a given job moves a load of 1.5 Cum of loose soil in one cycle,
consisting of loading – lifting – travelling – uploading – return trip – ready for loading,
and each cycle time is 1.2 minutes, then :

Actual output per working hour = Load per cycle X Cycles per hour
= 1.5 Cum X 60 minutes / 1.2 minutes
= 40 Sqm per day by 8 skilled labour + 16 unskilled labour
= 75 Cum per hour
[Source : Basics of Construction Management]

Prepared by Project Monitoring Cell - Kolkata Slide No. - 17

 Wastage Calculation
Cement Unit Reinforcement Unit

Total Received / Purchased Qty A 1000 Bag 990 MT

Corrected Qty due to Rolling
B 10 MT
Margin (+ / -)
Total Receipt (A+B) = C 1000 Bag 1000 MT
Theoretical consumption based on
Coefficient,
D 750 Bag 900 MT
Bonafide (Billable+Non-billable) +
Non- Bonafide
Theoretical stock balance (C-D) = E 250 Bag 100 MT

Physical Stock balance F 200 Bag 50 MT

Wastage Qty (E-F) = G 50 Bag 50 MT
Wastage % G/D 6.7% 5.6%
Scrap at site H 25 MT
Invisible wastage G-H = I 25 MT

Invisible wastage % I/D 2.8%

Prepared by Project Monitoring Cell - Kolkata Slide No. - 18

THANK YOU

Slide No. - 19