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Unit 1

The document discusses internal combustion engines. It describes that an internal combustion engine converts chemical energy from fuel into thermal energy and then mechanical work. It then lists 12 different types of internal combustion engines based on various classification schemes, such as the type of fuel, ignition method, cooling system, cylinder arrangement, and application. The document also discusses the basic components and workings of two-stroke and four-stroke engines.

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Rakeshkumarceg
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98 views

Unit 1

The document discusses internal combustion engines. It describes that an internal combustion engine converts chemical energy from fuel into thermal energy and then mechanical work. It then lists 12 different types of internal combustion engines based on various classification schemes, such as the type of fuel, ignition method, cooling system, cylinder arrangement, and application. The document also discusses the basic components and workings of two-stroke and four-stroke engines.

Uploaded by

Rakeshkumarceg
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Principle of operation :

• An Internal Combustion Engine (IC Engine) is a


type of combustion engine that converts
chemical energy into thermal energy, to
produce useful mechanical work.

• In an IC engine, combustion chamber is an


integral part of the working fluid circuit.
Principle of operation :
Types of Internal Combustion Engine

• 1.Based on the fuel used


 Diesel Engine
 Petrol Engine (or Gasoline Engine)
• 2.Based on the type of cycle
• Otto Cycle Engine
• Diesel Cycle Engine
• Dual Cycle Engine
• 3.Based on the number of strokes per cycle
• Two-stroke Engine
• Four-stroke Engine
• 4.Based on the number of cylinders
Single Cylinder Engine
Multi cylinder Engine
a)Twin Cylinder Engine
b)Three Cylinder Engine
c)Four Cylinder Engine
d)Six Cylinder Engine
e)Eight Cylinder Engine
f)Twelve Cylinder Engine
g)Sixteen Cylinder Engine
• 5.Based on the type of ignition
• Spark Ignition Engine (S.I. Engine)
• Compression Ignition Engine (C.I. Engine)
• 6.Based on the lubrication system used
• Dry sump lubricated engine
• Wet sump lubricated Engine
7.Based on the cooling system used
Air-cooled Engine
Water-cooled Engine
11. Based on the pressure boost given to
8.Based on the arrangement of valves
the inlet air or air-fuel mixture
L-head Engine
Naturally aspired Engine
I-head Engine Supercharged Engine
T-head Engine Turbocharged Engine
F-head Engine Crankcase compressed Engine
9.Based on the position of cylinders 12. Based on application
Horizontal Engine Automobile Engine
Vertical Engine Aircraft Engine
Radial Engine Locomotive Engine
Opposed Piston Engine Marine Engine
Opposed Cylinder Engine Stationary Engine
V Engine
W Engine
Inline Engine
CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES OF IC ENGINE:

Cylinder:
Piston:
Piston Rings:
Piston Pin: Connecting Rod:
Crankshaft:
Valves:
Camshaft:
Flywheel
Working of a Two Stroke Engine
Advantages of Two Stroke engines
Let's take a look at the advantages of a Two Stroke engine.
1. Since the power is developed in two strokes, the engines
have more uniform load as every time a piston comes down, it
has a power stroke.
2. Only a light weight flywheel is necessary as the engine
has more uniform load.
3. These engines do not have valve mechanisms and are
simply designed.
4. They are cheaper than four stroke engines.
5. As a result of their compact engineering, these engines
require lesser space.
Disadvantages:
1. Efficiency is lower as some part of the heat developed during combustion
escapes through the exhaust port.
2. These engines are mostly air-cooled and noise from them is more than that
of four stroke engines.
3. Due to less time available for burning of charges, some leftover charge
escapes through exhaust gases, which also causes less efficiency.

4. Lubrication oil is mixed in fuel and gases burnt during combustion. This leads
to higher emissions.
Working of a Four Stroke Engine
The Concept of Air Standard Cycles

1) Air-fuel intake process 1-2


2) Isentropic compression process 2-3:
3) Combustion of air-fuel mixture at
constant volume 3-4:
4) Isentropic expansion process 4-5:
5) Constant volume process 5-6:
6) Exhaust process 6-1::
Diesel Cycle

1) Air intake process 1-2:


2) Isentropic compression process 2-
3:
3) Injection of fuel and its
combustion at constant pressure 3-4:
4) Isentropic expansion process 4-5:
5) Constant volume heat rejection
process 5-6:
6) Exhaust process 6-1:
An ideal fuel should have the following properties:

High calorific value


Moderate ignition temperature
Low moisture content
Low NOn combustible matter
Moderate velocity of combustion
Products of combustion not harmful
Low cost
Easy to transport
Combustion should be controllable
No spontaneous combustion
Low storage cost
Should burn in air with efficiency.
Cetane And Octane Ratings

 The definition of octane is the fuel’s ability to


resist combustion from pressure or heat and wait
for the arcing of the spark plug.

 The higher the octane, the better the ability of the


fuel to resist auto-combustion.

 A low-octane fuel will be prone to auto-combust


via heat or pressure.
The octane rating of gasoline has nothing to do with its energy content.
Often the components used to raise the octane steal some of the potential
energy when measured in Btu

Cetane number is the exact opposite. It is the fuel’s eagerness to ignite


from the heat created in the bore from the compression of the air. The
higher the cetane number, the shorter the ignition delay and the better the
ignition quality.

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