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Accelerator

This document discusses particle accelerators and how they work. It explains that particle accelerators speed up particles using electric and magnetic fields, then smash the particles together and detect the collisions. It describes the key components of particle accelerators including beam production, bunching, focusing, colliding, and detecting. It also explains the differences between linear accelerators and circular accelerators such as cyclotrons and synchrotrons.

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M Agung Fatahillah
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99 views

Accelerator

This document discusses particle accelerators and how they work. It explains that particle accelerators speed up particles using electric and magnetic fields, then smash the particles together and detect the collisions. It describes the key components of particle accelerators including beam production, bunching, focusing, colliding, and detecting. It also explains the differences between linear accelerators and circular accelerators such as cyclotrons and synchrotrons.

Uploaded by

M Agung Fatahillah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Physics of Particle Accelerators

Kalanand Mishra
Department of Physics
University of Cincinnati
How a Particle Accelerator Works

 Speed up particle with E/M field


 Smash particles into target or other
particles
 Record collisions with detectors
 Able to identify product particles
Physics of a Particle Accelerator

 Beam production
 Bunching
 Electron guns
 Beam focusing
 Colliding and Detecting
Beam production
Electron Beam
Thermoionic
Emission
Proton Beam

Ionizing Hydrogen

•Glow Discharge Column

•From H- Ion
Other Beams

Secondary Beams:
• Proton
• Antiproton
• Other Particle Beams
Bunching

Bring the
Particles in
phase.

As spread out beam gives fewer


collisions than a narrowly focused
one, e- & e+ bunches are sent into
damping rings (e- to north, e+ to
south).
Colliding

•Fixed target
E=
(2mEp)

•Colliding beam
E = 2Ep
Beam Focusing

u As spread out beam gives fewer collisions than


a narrowly focused one, e- & e+ beams have to
be focused.
u This is done by bent magnets.
Two Types

Accelerator

Linear Circular

•Linear Path •Circular Path


•Travel once •Travel several times
Linear Accelerator
LINAC Operation
Methods of Acceleration in
Linear Accelerator

SLC Polarized Electron Gun


Methods of Acceleration in
Linear Accelerator

•Basic idea
•Synchronization
•Length of the tube
•Shielding
LINAC cont’d
Klystron: Microwave generator

1. Electron gun produces a flow of


electrons.
2. Bunching cavities regulate speed of
electrons so that bunches arrive at the
output cavity.
3. Bunches of electrons excite microwaves
in output cavity of the klystron.
4. Microwaves flow into the waveguide ,
which transports them to the accelerator.
5. Electrons are absorbed in beam stop.
Overall Operation of LINAC
Electrons are Accelerated in a Copper Structure

Bunches of electrons are accelerated in the copper structure


of the linac in much the same way as a surfer is pushed
along by a wave.

Changing Electric and Magnetic Fields:


Klystron Operation

 E/M waves that push the electrons in the linac


are created by higher energy versions of the
microwaves used in the microwave ovens in our
kitchens.

 The microwaves from the klystrons in the


Klystron Gallery are fed into the accelerator via
waveguides.

 This creates a pattern of E&B fields, which


form an E/M wave traveling down the
accelerator.
LINAC Structure

The 2-mile SLAC linear accelerator (linac) is made


from over 80,000 copper discs and cylinders brazed
together.

 Microwaves set up currents that cause E pointing along accelerator


and B in a circle around interior of accelerator.
 Want e- and e+ to arrive in each cavity at right time to get max.
push from E.
 e+ needs to arrive when field polarity is opposite.
Circular Accelerator
Methods of Acceleration in
Circular Accelerator
Cyclotron

•The Ds
•Electric field across the gap
•Circular orbit
•Increasing radius
Cyclotron

 The maximum speed a proton could have


in a dee of radius R and strength B is given
by (ignoring relativistic effects.)

vm = BeR / mp
Methods of Acceleration in
Circular Accelerator

Synchrotron (synchro-cyclotron)

• Electromagnetic resonant
cavity
• Magnetic field for circular
orbit
• Field synchronization with
increasing particle energy
• Synchrotron radiation
• Storage ring
Synchrotron
 The radius of curvature of the path of particles of
momentum p and charge q in a synchrotron is given by
the formula
R=p/qB
where B is the field strength.

 If a synchrotron of radius R has 4 straight sections of


length L each and period of the radio frequency oscillator
corresponds to the time of one revolution then
(a) The speed of the particles is
v = ( 2pR + 4L ) f
Synchrotron

(b) By considering the relativistic momentum of


particles of mass M, the magnetic field strength of the
synchrotron is given by

where f is the frequency.


Storage Rings
 Similar to a synchrotron, but designed to keep
particles circulating at const. energy not increase
energy further

 SPEAR : 3 GeV

 PEP I : 9 GeV

 PEP II : e- 9 GeV
e+ 3.1 GeV
Detection
•Tracking bubble, radiation
•Tracking curvature (charged particle)

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