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Introduction To Doppler Imaging

This document provides an introduction to Doppler imaging. It describes how Doppler imaging uses ultrasound to examine blood flow by detecting changes in frequency of reflected ultrasound waves from moving red blood cells. It discusses different Doppler techniques including spectral Doppler for detailed flow analysis, color flow Doppler for overall flow visualization, and Doppler indices like pulsatility index and resistivity index that are used to measure resistance in blood vessels like the umbilical artery. Key factors that affect the different Doppler techniques are also outlined.

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divyanshu kumar
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98 views

Introduction To Doppler Imaging

This document provides an introduction to Doppler imaging. It describes how Doppler imaging uses ultrasound to examine blood flow by detecting changes in frequency of reflected ultrasound waves from moving red blood cells. It discusses different Doppler techniques including spectral Doppler for detailed flow analysis, color flow Doppler for overall flow visualization, and Doppler indices like pulsatility index and resistivity index that are used to measure resistance in blood vessels like the umbilical artery. Key factors that affect the different Doppler techniques are also outlined.

Uploaded by

divyanshu kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to

Doppler Imaging
In O&G
Ibeh, D. C.
Specialist Sonographer
Disclaimer

• I am not a physicist
• I never wanted to be a physicist
• I am not capable of being a physicist
• I should not be presenting to physicists
Outline
Introduction
• Derived from an Australian Physicist and
Mathematician, Johana Christian Doppler (1803-1853).
• He described the effect of a wave in motion
• Doppler Ultrasound uses group of Ultrasound
techniques to examine the blood vessels.
• It utilizes Doppler effects for the ultrasound Imaging.
• Doppler effect is used to measure blood flow velocity.
• The reflector in this case is the red blood cell.
• The frequencies of the blood particles will change as
they move depending on the velocities
Ultrasound Doppler Forms
• Spectral Doppler
􀁺 Examines flow at one
site
􀁺 Detailed analysis of
distribution of flow
􀁺 Good temporal
resolution – can examine
flow waveform
􀁺 Allows calculations of
velocity and indices
Main factors affecting
spectral Doppler
􀁺 Power: transmitted power into tissue
􀁺 Gain: overall sensitivity to flow signals
􀁺 Pulse repetition frequency (also called scale):
low pulse repetition frequency to look at low
velocities, high
pulse repetition frequency reduces aliasing
􀁺 Gate size
􀁺 Beam steering can allow improved beam/flow
angle for better accuracy of velocity calculation
􀁺 Live duplex/triplex spectral resolution
constrained by need for B-mode/color pulses
COLOR FLOW DOPPLER

􀁺 Overall view of flow in a


region
􀁺 Limited flow information
􀁺 Poor temporal
resolution/flow dynamics
(frame rate can be low when
scanning deep)
􀁺 color flow map (different
color maps)
􀁺 direction information
􀁺 velocity information (high
velocity & low velocity)
􀁺 turbulent flows
Factors Affecting Color Doppler
• Main factors
􀁺 Power: transmitted power into tissue*
􀁺 Gain: overall sensitivity to flow signals
􀁺 Frequency: trades penetration for sensitivity and
resolution*
􀁺 Pulse repetition frequency (also called scale):
􀁺 Area of investigation: larger area reduces frame
rate*
􀁺 Focus: color flow image optimized at focal zone*
• Other factors
􀁺 Triplex color: pulse repetition frequency and frame
rate reduced by need for B-mode/spectral pulses
􀁺 Persistence: high persistence produces smoother
image but reduces temporal resolution*
􀁺 Pre-processing: trades resolution against frame rate*
􀁺 Filter: high filter cuts out more noise but also more of
flow signal*
􀁺 Post-processing assigns color map/variance*
• Power/energy/amplitu
de flow
􀁺 Sensitive to low flows
􀁺 No directional
information in some
modes
􀁺 Very poor temporal
resolution
􀁺 Susceptible to noise
Doppler Indices
• Commonly used indices • PI=(PSV - EDV) / TAV
are • RI=(PSV - EDV) / PSV
– Pulsatility Index (PI): a
measure of the variability
of blood velocity in a PSV: peak systolic velocity
vessel. EDV: end diastolic velocity
– Resistivity Index (RI): a
measure of pulsatile blood
TAV: time averaged velocity
flow that reflects the
resistance to blood flow
caused by microvascular
bed distal to the site of
measurement.
Umbilical Artery
• The Doppler indices
have been found to
decline gradually with
gestational age:
• S/D ratio mean value
decreases from 3.560
to 2.511
• RI mean value
decreases from 0.756
to 0.609
• PI mean value
decreases from 1.270
to 0.967
Middle Cerebral Artery
Uterine Artery
Uterine Artery
STUDY MORE
THANK YOU

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