IDENTIFICATION OF PESTS ON

PLANTS USING IMAGE

PROCESSING IN MATLAB
PRESENTED BY:
S.KAVIN(9916004062)
S.KRISHNA MOHAN(9916004069)
V.I.KARTHICK(9916004222)
 INTRODUCTION:
Agriculture is humankind’s oldest and still its most important economic activity,
providing the food, feed, fiber, and fuel necessary for our survival. With the global
population expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, agricultural production must be
doubled.It is estimated that the efficiency of agricultural productivity must increase
by 25% to meet that goal. Robotics and automation can play a significant role in
society meeting 2050 agricultural production needs.Monocropped plantations are
unique to India and a handful of countries throughout the globe. Essentially, the
FOREST approach of growing coffee along with in India has enabled the plantation
to fight many outbreaks of pests and diseases. Mono cropped Plantations are under
constant threat of pest and disease incidence because it favours the build up of
pest population.To cope with these problems, an automatic pest detection
algorithm using image processing techniques in MATLAB has been proposed in this
paper. Image acquisition devices are used to acquire images of plantations at
regular intervals. These images are then subjected to pre-processing,
transformation and clustering.
FIGURE:
LITERATURE REVIEW:
There has been some earlier work in the field of automated pest detection in crops. A
RelativeDifference in pixel Intensities (RDI) algorithm has been used to detect the
white flies from leaves. It also counts the white flies to estimate density of the white
flies in the field. This algorithm works well for both greenhouse and agricultural crops.
It uses 100 images for evaluation and provides 97% accuracy. It workswell when
dealing with overlapping white flies, but does not detect the complete shape of the
white fly. This can lead to false detections. An algorithm is suggested for differentiation
between white fly and aphid. It also includes the method to differentiate between
affected and unaffected leaves. This algorithm uses a support vector machine and
extracts different image features to give as input to classify them. The ‘Watershed
method’ takes highest time but performs best for occluded objects and Otsu’s method
takes least time for object detection. This method is over sensitive to noise and gives
false positive in presence of very little noise. In one of the approaches studied, the
authors performed detection of white flies by using classification as a learning
approach. It evaluates different classifiers like k-nearest neighbor, radial basis function,
artificial neural networks and support vector machine.
OBJECTIVES:

The main objective of this paper is to utilize the features of smart phone and
embedded concepts to make agriculture simple.The goal of this paper is to bring
out an efficient mechanism that reduces the effort in maintaining agricultural
fields and crops.Insects and pests damage the crops and, thus, are very
dangerous for theoverall growth of the crop. One method to protect the crop is
early pest detection so thatthe crop can be protected from pest attack. The best
way to know about the health of thecrop is the timely examination of the crop. If
pests are detected, appropriate measures can be taken to protect the crop from
a bigproduction loss at the end. Early detection would be helpful for minimizing
the usage of the pesticides and would provide guidance for the selection of the
pesticides.
MODULE DESCRIPTION:

A. Image Acquisition:
The experiments on pest detection were carried out in the paddy fields. The
authors setup a network of wireless cameras (protected against water
projection and direct sun light) together with the sticky traps to capture the
insect pests. The cameras used are CISCO Linksys Wireless-G Internet Home
Monitoring Camera which can capture 10 frames per seconds at 8
megapixel resolution. The captured images were processed using a local
machine equipped with Intel i3 processor and 4 GB RAM. The architectural
design of the proposed system.
B. Image Pre-processing
• Image pre-processing creates an enhanced image that is more useful
in processing the still image. In RGB color model, each color appears
in its primary spectral components of red, green, and blue. The color
of a pixel is made up of three components; red, green, and blue
(RGB), described by their corresponding intensities. RGB color image
require large space to store and consume much time to process. In
image processing it needs to process the three different channels so it
consumes large time. In this study, grayscale image is enough for the
method so the authors convert the RGB image into grayscale image
with the following formula:
C.MATLAB:
• MATLAB = Matrix Laboratory
• “MATLAB is a high-level language and interactive environment that
enables you to perform computationally intensive tasks faster than with
traditional programming languages such as C, C++ and Fortran.”
(www.mathworks.com)
• MATLAB is an interactive, interpreted language that is designed for fast
numerical matrix calculations
 D. Detection of Pests in the Image
• The detection mechanism used to detect the insect pests in the image is simple
and yet efficient. The authors compared the image pixel values of the successive
captured images from the camera. Two images are used in detecting the
difference. The first image served as the reference image that represents the
reference pixel values for comparison purposes, while the second image served as
the input image. The two images were compared to each other and the
differences in pixel values were determined. If the inputted image pixelvalues are
not equal to the reference image pixel values, the inputted image pixel will be
saved as the output image pixel. If the pixel value of the input image is equal to
the reference image then the background will be white (pixel value is 255). Fig. 2
shows the difference between reference and input image. After determining the
difference of the reference and input image, the input image will now be used as
the reference image and the output image will be the extract and served as the
input on the next phase. To determine the difference of the reference and input
image, the following equation will be used.
E. Filtering of the Image
• Filtering is a process of cleaning up the appearance of the image from
noise caused by different lighting conditions. Digital image processing
required filtering to yield a usable and attractive end result. There are
different techniques available and the best options depend on the
image and how it will be used. In this study the authors use median
filter. Median filter looks at its nearby neighbor’s pixel values to
decide whether or not it is representative of its surrounding pixels
and replaces with the median of those values. Fig. 3 illustrates an
example calculation.
 F. Extraction of the Detected Pests
• This phase is the extraction of the detected insect pest from the image. The output
image which was obtained at the end of the previous phase was used in this phase. The
image pixel values of the output image will be scanned both horizontally and vertically
to determine the coordinates of each insect in the image. The width and height of the
extracted image was determined by using its starting and ending coordinates. Once the
start and end coordinates of the objects are determined, the width and height of the
matrix as defined by those coordinates will take note and the matrix will be saved. The
method used in extracting has two steps. First, the value of the output image in pixels is
scanned horizontally which starts at the first x-direction, then the pixel values are
summed up to the corresponding columns. The coordinate value in x-direction is
incremented by one and the total pixel value in the next column is calculated. The
process is repeated until reaching the last value in the x-direction. As a result, the total
pixel values of each column are calculated. In order to determine the x-coordinate
where an object starts or ends within the image, each total value is compared to a
certain threshold value. Second, it will vertically repeat the horizontal scanning method;
therefore the total pixel value in each row is calculated. Then, to determine the y
coordinates, the thresholding will apply where objects start or end within the image.
The mathematical description of the object extraction method is shown in the following
equations.
RESULTS:
The use of Artificial insecticides and nematicides have been
degrading the quality of plantation crops for many years. In this
paper a novel algorithm is presented for easily identifying the pest
infected areas of these crops. The algorithm can be further modified
for finding the diseased areas in the crops by using sophisticated
softwares and better image acquisition devices.All over the world
agriculture experts are working one radication of bioagressors and
infected coffee plantation are one of the challenges out of it. Image
Processing technique plays a vital role in it. Our first objective is to
detect diseases like coffee berry on plantations and other bio
agressors (aphids) or plant diseases. Cognitive approach introduce
new objects to detect or new image processing programs too
extract the corresponding information.
 REFERENCES :
1.https://matlab.projectsqa.com/a/302-pest-control-in-agricultural-plantations-
using-image-processing.html
2.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282119578_Early_Pest_Detection
_from_Crop_using_Image_Processing_and_Computational_Intelligence
3.http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jece/papers/Vol6-Issue4/K0646874.pdf
4.http://www.entomoljournal.com/vol3Issue2/pdf/3-2-49.1.pdf
5.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6396012
THANK YOU….!