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Phyics PPT 2019-20

The document discusses various optical phenomena related to light and vision, including: 1. Refraction of light through a prism causes dispersion and separation of white light into a visible spectrum. The varying refractive indices for different wavelengths is responsible for dispersion. 2. Rainbows form when sunlight enters and is refracted and reflected within water droplets, separating light into colors. Primary and secondary rainbows occur due to single and double internal reflections. 3. Scattering of light by particles in the atmosphere is responsible for phenomena like the blue color of the sky and reddish sunrises and sunsets, as shorter blue wavelengths are scattered more than longer red wavelengths.

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Harsith Lin
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209 views24 pages

Phyics PPT 2019-20

The document discusses various optical phenomena related to light and vision, including: 1. Refraction of light through a prism causes dispersion and separation of white light into a visible spectrum. The varying refractive indices for different wavelengths is responsible for dispersion. 2. Rainbows form when sunlight enters and is refracted and reflected within water droplets, separating light into colors. Primary and secondary rainbows occur due to single and double internal reflections. 3. Scattering of light by particles in the atmosphere is responsible for phenomena like the blue color of the sky and reddish sunrises and sunsets, as shorter blue wavelengths are scattered more than longer red wavelengths.

Uploaded by

Harsith Lin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THE HUMAN EYE AND THE

COLOURFUL WORLD

DONE BY :
HARSITH.SH
SHREE SANKALPA SCHOOL
CLASS X
THE HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD
1.Refraction through a Prism
2.Expression for Refractive Index of Prism
3.Dispersion
4.Rainbow
5.SCATTERING OF LIGHT
REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A TRIANGULAR PRISM -
Activity
Refracting Surfaces

Eye

S
P R
Q e
i
N2
N1
Refraction of Light through Prism:

A
A

N1 N2
D δ
i e
Q
r1 O r2 R
P S
μ
B C Prism

Refracting Surfaces
i+e=A+δ

δ
(A + δm)
sin
2
μ=
A δm
sin
2 0 i=e i
DISPERSION OF WHITE LIGHT THROUGH A PRISM
The phenomenon of splitting a ray of white light into its constituent colours
(wavelengths) is called dispersion and the band of colours from violet to red
is called spectrum (VIBGYOR).
A

D δr
N δv

White
light

B C Screen

Cause of Dispersion:
sin i sin i Since μv > μr , rr > rv
μv = and μr =
sin rv sin rr So, the colours are refracted at different
angles and hence get separated.
Dispersion can also be explained on the basis of Cauchy’s equation.
b c
μ=a + 2 + (where a, b and c are constants for the material)
λ λ4
Since λv < λ r , μv > μr

But δ = A (μ – 1) Therefore, δv > δr

So, the colours get separated with different angles of deviation.


Violet is most deviated and Red is least deviated.

Recombination of spectrum of white light:

A B’ C’ White
light

White
light

B C A
RAINBOW
Formation of Primary Rainbow

Rain drop

Sunlight

43º
41º
A line parallel to Sun’s ray

Eye
A rainbow is a natural spectrum which is caused by dispersion of sunlight by
tiny water droplets present in the atmosphere after a rain shower.
The incident sunlight with suitable angle of incidence is refracted, dispersed,
internally reflected and finally refracted out by the rain drops.
Due to the dispersion and internal reflection, different colours reach the eye of
the observer.
A rainbow is always formed in a direction opposite to that of the Sun.There are
primary and secondary rainbows.
In the primary rainbow the violet colour is on the inner arc and the red colour
is on the outer arc.
In the secondary rainbow, the sequence of colours is opposite due to two
internal reflections inside the rain drops.

Secondary
Primary
ATMOSPHERIC REFRACTION
Refraction of light by earth’s atmosphere is called atmospheric refraction.

Flickering of objects above a fire:


The apparent random wavering or flickering of objects can be seen through
a turbulent stream of hot air rising above a fire.
The air just above the fire becomes hotter than the further up. The hotter air
is lighter than the cooler air above it, and has a refractive index slightly less
than that of the cooler air.
Since the physical conditions of the refracting medium (air) are not
stationary, the apparent position of the object, as seen through the hot air,
fluctuates. This wavering is therefore due to an effect of atmospheric
refraction on a small scale in the local environment.
Twinkling of Stars:
The twinkling of a star is due to atmospheric refraction
of starlight.
Real Apparent position
The atmospheric refraction occurs in a medium of position of the Star
gradually changing refractive index. of the

Refractive index increase


Density of Atmosphere &
Star
Since the atmosphere bends starlight towards the
normal, the apparent position of the star is slightly
different from its actual position.
The star appears slightly higher (above) than its actual
position when viewed near the horizon.
This apparent position is not stationary, but keeps on
changing slightly, since the physical conditions of the
earth’s atmosphere are not stationary.
Since the stars are very distant, they approximate point-
sized sources of light.
As the path of rays of light coming from the star goes
on varying slightly, the apparent position of the star Eye
fluctuates and the amount of light entering the eye
flickers- the star sometimes appear brighter, and at
some other time, fainter which gives the twinkling effect.
Why Planets do not twinkle?
The planets are much closer to the earth, and are thus seen as extended
sources.
Since it is the collection of large number of point-sized sources of light, the
total variation in the amount of light entering into the eye from all the
individual sources will average out to zero, thereby nullifying the twinkling
effect.

Advance Sunrise Apparent position


and Delayed of the Sun
Sunset:
The Sun is visible to
us about 2 minutes Atmosphere
Horizon
before the actual
sunrise, and about
2 minutes after the
actual sunset Real position
Earth
because of of the Sun
atmospheric
refraction.
SCATTERING OF LIGHT

SCATTERING OF LIGHT MEANS


TOP THROW LIGHT IN VARIOUS
RANDOM LOCATION
SCATTERING OF LIGHT BY TINY WATER DROPLETS IN THE MIST
SCATTERING OF SUN LIGHT THROUGH
CANOPY OF A TREE
SCATTERING OF LIGHT BY SMOKE & COLLOIDAL PARTICLES
SCATTERING OF LIGHT
- Activity
Conc. Sulphuric acid

L1 L2 Screen

S
I

Sodium thio sulphate


solution (hypo)
TYNDALL EFFECT
• THE SCATTERING OF LIGHT BY
PARTICLES IN ITS PATH IS CALLED
TYNDALL EFFECT
SCATTERING OF LIGHT
Tyndall Effect:
The earth’s atmosphere is a heterogeneous mixture of minute particles.
These particles include smoke, tiny water droplets, suspended particles of
dust and molecules of air.
When a beam of light strikes such fine particles, the path of the beam
becomes visible.
The light reaches us, after being reflected diffusedly by these particles.
The phenomenon of scattering of light by the colloidal particles gives rise to
Tyndall Effect.
Tyndall Effect can be seen when a fine beam of sunlight enters a smoke-filled
room through a small hole. In this, scattering of light makes the particles
visible.
It can also be seen when sunlight passes through a canopy of a dense forest.
In this, tiny water droplets in the mist scatter light.
The colour of the scattered light depends on the size of the scattering
particles.
Very fine particles scatter mainly blue light while particles of larger size
scatter light of longer wavelengths. If the size of the scattering particles is
large enough, then, the scattered light may even appear white.
Scattering of Light – Blue colour of the sky and Reddish appearance
of the Sun at Sun-rise and Sun-set:

Less Blue colour


is scattered

Horizon

Earth Atmosphere Other colours


mostly scattered
WHY IS THE COLOUR OF THE CLEAR
SKY BLUE?
• The fine particles in the atmosphere have size
smaller than the wave length of visible light. They
can scatter blue light which has a shorter wave
length than red light which has a longer wave length.
When sunlight passes through the atmosphere, the
fine particles in the atmosphere scatter the blue
colour more strongly than the red and so the sky
appears blue.
• If the earth had no atmosphere there would not be
any scattering of light and the sky would appear
dark. The sky appears dark at very high altitudes.
•
The molecules of the atmosphere and other particles that are smaller
than the longest wavelength of visible light are more effective in
scattering light of shorter wavelengths than light of longer
wavelengths. The amount of scattering is inversely proportional to the
fourth power of the wavelength. (Rayleigh Effect)

Light from the Sun near the horizon passes through a greater distance in
the Earth’s atmosphere than does the light received when the Sun is
overhead. The correspondingly greater scattering of short wavelengths
accounts for the reddish appearance of the Sun at rising and at setting.

When looking at the sky in a direction away from the Sun, we receive
scattered sunlight in which short wavelengths predominate giving the sky
its characteristic bluish colour.
THANK YOU

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