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Communicative Strategy

The document discusses Searle's classification of illocutionary speech acts and provides examples of communicative strategies used in conversations. It defines the strategies of nomination, restriction, turn-taking, topic control, topic shifting, repair, and termination. For each strategy, it provides a concise definition and examples of how it is used to effectively communicate and maintain conversations.

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Keij Alolosan
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112 views

Communicative Strategy

The document discusses Searle's classification of illocutionary speech acts and provides examples of communicative strategies used in conversations. It defines the strategies of nomination, restriction, turn-taking, topic control, topic shifting, repair, and termination. For each strategy, it provides a concise definition and examples of how it is used to effectively communicate and maintain conversations.

Uploaded by

Keij Alolosan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Complete the table using Searle's classification of illocutionary speech act.

COMMUNICATIVE
STRATEGY
• People communicate every day to establish
and maintain relationships, know and
understand themselves, and find meaning in
the daily grind.
• Moreover, since humans are social beings
who survive more effectively through
sensible discourses, they are always driven
to learn the skills of creating and sustaining
meaningful conversations.
• Successful communication requires
understanding of the relationship between words
and sentences and the speech acts they
represent.
• However, a conversation may be complex at
times; that is why some people get lost along the
way and misunderstand each other. It is only
when we willingly cooperate and speak in socially
approved ways that we can make a conversation
meaningful.
Types of Communicative Strategy
• Since engaging in conversation is also bound
by implicit rules, Cohen (1990) states that
strategies must be used to start and maintain
a conversation.
• Knowing and applying grammar
appropriately is one of the most basic
strategies to maintain a conversation.
• The following are some strategies that
people use when communicating.
Nomination
• A speaker carries out nomination to
collaboratively and productively establish a
topic.
• Basically, when you employ this strategy, you
try to open a topic with the people you are
talking to.
• When beginning a topic in a conversation,
especially if it does not arise from a previous
topic, you may start off with news inquiries and
news announcements as they promise extended
talk.
• Most importantly, keep the conversational
environment open for opinions until the prior topic
shuts down easily and initiates a smooth end.
This could efficiently signal the beginning of a
new topic in the conversation.
Restriction
• Restriction in communication refers to any
limitation you may have as a speaker.
• When communicating in the classroom, in a
meeting, or while hanging out with your friends,
you are typically given specific instructions that
you must follow. These instructions confine you
as a speaker and limit what you can say.
• For example, in your class, you might be asked by your
teacher to brainstorm on peer pressure or deliver a
speech on digital natives.
• In these cases, you cannot decide to talk about
something else.
• On the other hand, conversing with your friends during
ordinary days can be far more casual than these
examples.
• Just the same, remember to always be on point and
avoid sideswiping from the topic during the
conversation to avoid communication breakdown.
Turn-taking
• Sometimes people are given unequal opportunities to
talk because others take much time during the
conversation.
• Turn-taking pertains to the process by which people
decide who takes the conversational floor.
• There is a code of behavior behind establishing and
sustaining a productive conversation, but the primary
idea is to give all communicators a chance to speak.
• Remember to keep your words relevant and
reasonably short enough to express your views or
feelings.
• Try to be polite even if you are trying to take the floor
from another speaker. Do not hog the conversation and
talk incessantly without letting the other party air out
their own ideas.
• To acknowledge others, you may employ visual signals
like a nod, a look, or a step back, and you could
accompany these signals with spoken cues such as
“What do you think?” or “You wanted to say
Topic Control
• Topic control covers how procedural formality or
informality affects the development of topic in
conversations.
• For example, in meetings, you may only have a turn to
speak after the chairperson directs you to do so.
• Contrast this with a casual conversation with friends
over lunch or coffee where you may take the
conversational floor anytime.
• Remember that regardless of the formality of the
context, topic control is achieved cooperatively.
• This only means that when a topic is initiated, it should
be collectively developed by avoiding unnecessary
interruptions and topic shifts.
• You can make yourself actively involved in the
conversation without overly dominating it by using
minimal responses like “Yes,” “Okay,” “Go on”; asking
tag questions to clarify information briefly like “You are
excited, aren’t you?”, “It was unexpected, wasn’t it?”;
and even by laughing!
Topic Shifting
• Topic shifting, as the name suggests, involves moving from
one topic to another. In other words, it is where one part of a
conversation ends and where another begins.
• When shifting from one topic to another, you have to be very
intuitive. Make sure that the previous topic was nurtured
enough to generate adequate views. You may also use
effective conversational transitions to indicate a shift like “By
the way,” “In addition to what you said,” “Which reminds
me of,” and the like.
Repair
• Repair refers to how speakers address the problems in
speaking, listening, and comprehending that they may
encounter in a conversation. For example, if everybody in the
conversation seems to talk at the same time, give way and
appreciate other’s initiative to set the conversation back to its
topic.
• Repair is the self-righting mechanism in any social interaction
(Schegloff et al, 1977).
• If there is a problem in understanding the conversation,
speakers will always try to address and correct it. Although
this is the case, always seek to initiate the repair.
Termination
• Termination refers to the conversation participants’ close-
initiating expressions that end a topic in a conversation. Most
of the time, the topic initiator takes responsibility to signal the
end of the discussion as well.
• Although not all topics may have clear ends, try to signal the
end of the topic through concluding cues. You can do this by
sharing what you learned from the conversation.
• Aside from this, soliciting agreement from the other
participants usually completes the discussion of the topic
meaningfully.
fin..

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